Library Disaster Preparedness

 

Disaster might be characterized as any event that compromises a human being.

The library is one such institution that suffers the most. There should be a Library Disaster

Preparedness Plan for this event. Disaster harms libraries and their materials. Disasters

can be regular or man-made depending upon their starting point.

 Disasters identified with outrageous climate occasions. It could be floods, typhoons, twisters, and so 

on. Disasters can't be anticipated and it is minimal that should be possible to forestall these disasters

as the greater part of the disasters happen abruptly and suddenly.

But the weather forecast helps us keep track of these disasters and some precautions might

help save us from serious damages. Library activities are disturbed, all utilities come to

a halt and we keep guessing when it will reach that place and what sort of damage it will

do. These disasters include fires, floods, earthquakes, typhoons, cyclones, and

a vicious working environment. Any of these disasters, enormous or little, normal or

man-made, can possibly hurt the library's assortments, the structure, the library

representatives, and the library clients.

Fire

Fire-related disasters are regularly considerably more damaging than those brought about

by water alone. There should be a Library Disaster Preparedness Plan for the fire. It

produces gigantic measures of warmth, smoke, and poisonous gases. There are lots of

reasons for the fire. But whatever the reason, fire damage is very serious. Nothing is

left if no action is taken from us. The library is gutted to such an extent that only ashes

are left. Fire extinguishers should be put in our libraries. Training should be given to the

library staff for emergencies.

Water

Floods that cause wind and water-related harm are common cataclysmic events for

libraries. There should be a Library Disaster Preparedness Plan for the flood. The floods may

result from too much rain in the rainy season. The Dam is opened suddenly and water

enters the Library building as it enters other buildings. Other than normal events like

tropical storms, cyclones, and floods, water harm can emerge out of failing pipes and

cooling frameworks. Floods, downpours, sprinkler pipe breaks, and different disasters can

leave paper records, microfilm, and other library materials splashed with water.

Earthquake

Earthquakes impact the holdings of a library. During an earthquake building walls, and roofs

fall down or have major cracks causing primary harm. There should be a Library Disaster

Preparedness Plan for Earthquake. The library structures are damaged and the library

documents are covered under mud. The harm to digitally recorded documents because of

earthquakes could be indispensable.

Theft

Library assortments are additionally affected by theft and defacing. Other man-made

disasters are war, psychological warfare, revolting. There should be a Library Disaster

Preparedness Plan for these sorts of problems. This leads to damages of assortments of

libraries and information centers. During the war various elements influenced libraries.

Theft control measures should be taken strictly as CCTV is the best to install in libraries.

Chemical

Mortar residue, sawdust, and different particulates channel into the climate and afterward

into the library assortments. They scrape the paper and harm other apparatus of the

library. Different chemicals present in the climate, are spread from one building to

another. Chemicals react with other gases and it becomes a disaster. Library Preservatives

like insecticides and pesticides have too many chemicals which have adverse effects on

readers.

Preparedness for Disaster

Disaster planning is not easy. The Library Disaster Preparedness Plan should be ready for

implementation. The whole cycle should be upheld at the most elevated level of the

association on the off chance that it is to be viable. Different Rules for the Disaster

The Planning Process is referenced below. The disaster plan ought to incorporate, yet

not really be restricted to, the accompanying advances. The following steps should be

planned to face disasters.

Allocating duty

A legitimate disaster committee or group should be formed with one staff part having the

primary duty regarding coordinating and refreshing the arrangement. The disaster group

should involve members from various library foundations. Other faculty in the association,

for example, building support staff, designers, and security specialists ought to likewise

be individuals from the group.

Directing research

Library Disaster Preparedness Plan Team should survey arrangments and recuperation,

look at disaster plans from comparative sorts of organizations, and go to significant

workshops subsequently leading fundamental examinations before forming a disaster

plan.

Identification and Assessment of possible dangers

The group should make a review to recognize the kind of disasters that may happen and

decide the likelihood of their event. Different geographic and climatic dangers and

different dangers that could endanger the structure and assortments ought to be

recognized. These might incorporate the organization's weakness to storms, twisters,

streak flooding, earthquakes, and so forth, and furthermore to man-made disasters, for

example, power shocks, sprinkler releases, fuel or water supply disappointments,

chemical spills, torching, bomb dangers, or other such issues.

Library Disaster Preparedness Plan Team analyses the structure, fire security frameworks,

electrical frameworks, plumbing, and ecological frameworks ought to likewise be

analyzed. The state of the electrical wiring, on the off chance that it is old or over-burden,

if electrical apparatuses are unplugged around evening time, the state of water/seepage

pipes, issues if any with the environment control framework, establishment of the

adequate number of fire dousers in the structure, if they are reviewed routinely, presence of

fire cautions and fire concealment framework, if they are very much kept

up with or not, arrangement for fire exits, is any fire exit hindered this load of inquiries

ought to be considered.

Then, at that point, an appraisal ought to be made concerning the degree of risk

every one of the recognized disaster stances to the organization and its proceeded 

activity. Because of this evaluation, a rundown of the necessary preemptive measures to

ensure the organization's offices ought to be ready and finished.

Identification of assets

Sources of help with a disaster ought to be distinguished. The different supplies needed in

case of an emergency for disaster response and rescue endeavors ought to be

distinguished. Fundamental supplies like electric lamps, plastic sheeting, paper towels,

wipes, concealing tape and channel tape, scissors, latex or elastic gloves, dust

covers, cleaning items and sanitizers, and so forth ought to be secured and kept in a

simple place, easy to find in emergencies. According to the Library Disaster Preparedness

Plan, A rundown of required supplies and a list of providers' names, locations, and

telephone numbers ought to likewise be ready and kept up with.

Contacts with neighborhood crisis offices

The Library Disaster Preparedness Plan Team should make an evaluation of the space's likely risks,

like fire, floods, earthquakes, and so forth The group ought to likewise counsel fire battling

faculty and see that the structure is similar to the fire standards. Neighborhood

administration like fire specialist co-ops ought to be approached to visit your organization

to get comfortable with your site plan and assortments ahead of a crisis.

All suitable disaster-response and recuperation administrations, going from police, fire,

and emergency vehicle administrations to support laborers, protection adjustors, and

service organizations, ought to be distinguished. A few organizations give disaster-

recuperation administrations, for example, dehumidification and vacuum freeze-drying.

Contacts ought to be kept up with nearby crisis benefits so they can react suitably if there

should be an occurrence of a disaster. The foundation of objectives and undertakings for

colleagues.

Guidance for Team members

Library Disaster Preparedness Plan Team which may incorporate clearing/floor plans;

posting of crisis administrations; posting of crisis response colleagues and obligations;

phone quantities of the crisis response colleagues; area of keys; fire/interruption caution

systems; posting of assortment needs; courses of action for migration of the

assortments; posting of in-house supplies; posting of outside providers and

administrations; protection data; posting of volunteers; anticipation agenda; record-

saving structures for objects moved in rescue endeavors; itemized rescue techniques.

Crisis methodology

This will incorporate what can anyone do during the occasion, and the suitable rescue

methods to be followed once the principal energy is finished. Floor plans for the different

regions shrouded in the arrangement ought to likewise be remembered for the last

arrangement. These floor plans should show the area of fire dousers, smoke caution

frameworks, cooling frameworks, sewage, and seepage frameworks, and crisis exits.

First response systems, including who ought to be reached first in each sort of crisis, what

quick advances ought to be taken, and how staff or groups will be advised. Presentation,

expressing the lines of power and the potential occasions covered by the arrangement.

Library Disaster Preparedness Plan is a Restoration plan for getting the organization back

to typical. The simplicity of Implementation. The composed disaster plan ought to be not

difficult to carry out during an emergency. Directions should be succinct, clear, 

extensive, and adaptable enough to take into account changes and ad-lib. Staff should be

given sufficient preparation in crisis techniques and standard drills ought to be directed if

conceivable.

Response to disaster

A Library Disaster Preparedness Plan is made for an emergency, the primary response ought

to contact the Library's Head office. The library's administration will then, at that point contact

Public Safety whenever required. In the meantime, they should do whatever it may take

to restrict possible harm. These means include ensuring that the library clients and staff

individuals are not in harm's way and finding and wiping out the wellspring of the issue.

In the event of a minor fire, fire quenchers ought to be utilized to extinguish the fire. In

the event of water harm, endeavors ought to be made to remove the water supply to the

affected region. This ought to be trailed by endeavors to eliminate the materials out of

risk.

 

In any case, any tidy-up or rescue work ought not to be embraced till the circumstance is

steady and a legitimate harm evaluation has been made. When the circumstance is

managed, the individuals from the disaster upkeep group should then make an appraisal

of the general harm caused. Library Disaster Preparedness Plan Based on the appraisal

made by the disaster supervisory group significant choices, regardless of whether to pull

out, supplant, or endeavor to rescue harmed materials, ought to be taken.

Materials that are to be removed ought to be saved and not disposed of right away.

Water-harmed materials can ordinarily be rescued, however, the interaction is costly, work

escalated, and tedious. Be that as it may, if there should arise an occurrence of a serious

fire, harm is by and largely irreversible, and rescue is beyond the realm of imagination. In

case of serious disasters, rescue ought to be finished by the set rescue needs.

Note: Photo by Алесь Усцінаў : https://www.pexels.com

Challenges of Digital Library

When any Librarian wants to set up a Digital Library, he is not aware of the Challenges of

Digital Library. When you are working on ground level then only you can identify the

Challenges of Digital Library. Digital Library is an important part of any Library. The Library

are moving toward digitizing the documents.

You have to understand what a digital library is. This means that you should have digital

collections. It means in electronic format. Users will be able to access it by visiting a digital library

or through remote access.

Building digital collection

1) The first way to build a digital collection is that you have to convert the documents into digitized

format and store them. It can be stored and read in electronic format. After digitizing through

the software then can be uploaded to an Institutional repository like DSpace and complete its

metadata description!

2) The second way to build a digital collection is to subscribe the e-books and E-Journals by paying

the price. You will get a login ID and you can do login and access it.

The third way to build a collection is to have access to external digital collections. This will

not be part of the internal collection. It can be accessed by local users from your digital

library. It may be part of open-access resources.

Challenges of Digital Library

Acquire the Latest Technology Equipment

When you are planning to create a digital library, you have to acquire or purchase the

latest technology for developing a Digital Library. You have to find it at the local level or at

the international level. Most librarians will not find these types of technologies at the local

level Then you have to search at the international level. There you have to see whether it

fulfills your requirements.

Shortage of Digital Tools

There is a shortage of these tools in an Open source environment. You have to purchase as

these software as they are all commercial You have to contact distributors and vendors

to purchase it.

Less Budget

Libraries have very less budget. They are not aware of the cost of new technologies which

will be quite productive in the library. The institutional management lacks proper budget

and that budget is not enough to procure latest technology. Librarian is helpless though he

wants his ibrary to be digitised.

This is also one of the Challenges of Digital Library is to do proper maintenance of digital

library which is very expensive. The cost of backup digital materials and preservation of

digital information is high.

Damage the materials

This is one of the challenges of Digital libraries which nobody thinks about before the digitisation

process. The documents are very old and brittle. So when you want to build

comprehensive resources, you have to digitize all documents. But old documents

sometimes get more damaged in the digitization process.

These original documents are very precious and need extra care. However, the shortage of tools

and demand for best quality reproduction makes the process more repetitive and thus

damages the documents. The old manuscripts are not in good state but these are the most

demanded document for digitisation.

Design Retrieval tools

After digitization, you have to do a metadata description. At this point, some people give

abbreviated keywords of important fields like author, title, Publisher, Keywords, etc. These

things will not let the documents be retrieved by users. Incomplete cataloging will not

fetch those documents in that retrieval tool. So you have to design a sort of retrieval

tool that can automatically read abbreviated information.

Establish Standard Protocols

The Libraries of the whole world should create virtual unity. The Libraries responsible for

digitizing documents should follow the standard protocols. This will help in accessing and

sharing all those documents with other libraries. However, this is lacking among the libraries that are

in the digitization process so implementing is difficult.

Intellectual property

As you know it is a very important issue that prevails before and after digitization. You

have to properly check about its compliance. When you are digitizing, it is easy to find

out about its license information. You will get to know through the license that it is copied and

can be shared for adaptations or not.

Intellectual Property is the greatest challenge of Digital Libraries. The librarian has to

formulate a framework of rights and permission. The levels of access should be governed by

privacy rights. The Digital library should have defined copyrights and legal concerns

related to the website or portal of the digital library.

Effective Access

If you are developing a digital library, that does not mean that your physical collections will

be abandoned or neglected. The user should know about the original physical document's

whereabouts in the library. In some places after digitization, the physical book seems to be

unimportant and left somewhere not to be traced.

Access all heterogeneous resources

A digital library should give access to all the heterogeneous resources of that library. In

your library, there are comprehensive resources like books, journals, sound recordings,

videos, manuscripts, photographs, Reports, etc. So it is also a challenge for the digital

library to present all documents in the retrieval process.

Digital library for all

Users are exploring the Digital libraries but they get to access limited subjects which they

called gateways. But that gateways are on a particular one or related subject. So This is also

a challenge to set up a digital library which should be for all communities and

professionals. It should not be restricted for a particular purpose.

Develop more flexible Tools for Digital library

Today in the era of digital libraries,there should be an option for accessing multi-script

resources. Libraries should provide flexible tools for transforming digital content to suit

the needs of all users.

Conclusion

There are many challenges in Digital Libraries, but we have to face the challenges and get

solutions for those problems. You can't keep sitting thinking about these problems. Every new

work has hurdles. Digital Library is a boon for this civilization. Every piece of information is at your

fingertips. Who had thought that it would be so easy to access information.

But every new technology demands cost and every maintenance demands cost. Nothing is

free in this world. You have to give charges for that service The Libraries should increase

their budget now as it is high time to move and adapt to new technologies. If Libraries are

not coming forward and not taking initiative then the librarian profession will come at

stake.

Information communication technology is now an integral part of the Library. The digitization

process can't be done without ICT. So librarians should improve their skills and

budget. Welcome the challenges of digital libraries and sort them by their positive decisions.

Note: Photo by Polina Zimmerman

Preservation and Conservation of Library

 

The preservation and conservation of library materials are applied to shield the library

materials from additional rot and crumbling. Preservation is the interaction wherein all

activities are required to check and retard crumbling whereas conservation incorporates

the legitimate finding of the rotted material, ideal remedial treatment, and fitting

counteraction from additional rot. Moreover, these are two parts of action in the library

materials:

(I) The preventive estimates which incorporate all types of aberrant activities

pointed toward expanding the future of whole or harmed components of social property. It

involves every one of the techniques for great housekeeping, caretaking, cleaning,

periodical oversight, and anticipation of any chance of harm by physical, compound,

organic, and different elements.

(ii) The Curative estimates comprise all types of direct activities pointed toward

expanding the future of whole or harmed components of social property. It incorporates

fixing, patching, fumigation, deacidification, overlay, and different positions which are

required to think about the state of being of the individual record. Preventive

conservation assumes an imperative part and has accepted a lot of significance in our

country because countless establishments don't have appropriate conservation

offices.

Indeed if the conclusion in time is trailed by appropriate preventive estimates numerous

issues can be tackled. Here in this paper as per the standards of preventive conservation

a few measures have been recommended to control the library materials from the impact

of different decaying factors.

Need for preservation and conservation of library

A library is a storehouse of shrewdness of incredible scholars of the past and the present.

It is a social foundation accused of the obligation of scattering information to individuals

with no segregation. The property of the libraries is the precious legacy of humankind as

they save realities, thoughts, considerations, achievements, and confirmations of human

improvement in diverse regions, ages, and bearings.

The previous records establish a characteristic asset and are fundamental to the current

age just as to the ages to come. Any misfortune to such materials is essentially

indispensable. Accordingly, saving this intelligent person, social legacy becomes the

scholarly responsibility as well as the ethical obligation of the custodians/data

researchers, who are accountable for these storehouses. Moreover, the legitimate spread

of library materials is conceivable if the reports are in acceptable and usable condition.

These demands for the legitimate preservation and conservation of library materials.

Any administrator answerable for the preservation of these narrative legacies should know

the different reasons for the decay of the library materials and the potential techniques for

their preservation. But a couple of libraries, all others have paper-based perusing

materials such as compositions, books, periodicals, works of art, drawings, outlines, maps, and

so on.

The essential materials and constituents of the actual element of these library materials

are generally natural in nature and are helpless to normal rot and decay. In books,

aside from paper, different materials utilized are board, fabric, cowhide, string, ink, glue

and so on Every one of these materials utilized is nourishment to some living beings. So

the library materials need assurance from variables of crumbling.

History of Preservation and Conservation of Library

The preservation of books, papers, and items in the United States officially started during

the nineteenth century as custodians developed concerns about the longevity of their

collections. In September 1853, delegates from twelve states and the District of Columbia

met in New York City to talk about the most ideal approaches to improve public libraries

to guarantee significant archives and books. The writing from this time frame proposes

that the essential concern at the time was the thing that was causing harm to the

collections.

From the 1850s through the 1870s, a few articles were distributed that centered around

preservation points like restricting, racking, and capacity, which were the most common

subdivisions of preservation at that point. These subdivisions would be the most

investigated spaces of preservation for the accompanying not many a long time as

preservation developed and expanded as a field inside libraries and into the domain of

public history.

In 1880 a landmark preservation work was distributed, William Blades' The Enemies of

Books, and is broadly considered to be the principal publication on the history of

preservation rehearses. He centers around ten diverse damaging powers against books,

going from regular sources, for example, fire and water to human sources like

carelessness and bookbinding rehearses. This was a significant advance in the history of

preservation since it demonstrates how individuals contextualized preservation during

what is considered today to be the most punctual phases of current preservation.

When the new century rolled over, curators started to move their concentration to

preservation and support of collections for people in the future. They started to perceive

that future researchers would use however many sources as they were willing and ready

to save. By 1909, a few thoughts were circling around having neighborhood libraries

choose cooperatively which institutions would safeguard what archives and sources.

Numerous groups of libraries would be in contact with one another over what things to

keep and share, laying the basis for what might turn into a far-reaching practice later in

the 20th century.

One significant improvement came in 1930 with the advancement of microfilm. This

turned into the nearby library's fundamental type of "preservation," and would stay the

most mainstream method of duplicating an archive until the late 20th century because of

its convenient method to store enormous collections of well-known research titles in the

most space-productive way

During the 1950s, many research and preservation drives started to show up. This lines

up with the beginning of the Cold War, which saw an ascent in legislative and political

accentuations on current science and technology as solutions to assorted issues.

Numerous areas of the economy turned out to be progressively centered around adopting

logical strategies for issues as technology started improving after World War II. Not even

the universe of libraries was safe to this new outlook, bringing about an increment in lab

research about preservation techniques.

In 1994 the Commission on Preservation and Access (CPA) and the Research Libraries

Group (RLG) charged another team to recognize the hindrances to the long-term

preservation of electronic records and to make recommendations for settling those issues.

The team was likewise accused of giving general recommendations that came about

because of their work examining current practices in digital article preservation.

At long last, team individuals were approached to give an option in contrast to what the

charge called "technology reviving." The recommendation was that technology

invigorating-that is, moving digital items from old stockpiling media to new versions of

the equivalent media be supplanted by migration; that is, moving digital items to new

software and equipment environments on a standard timetable.

In 1996 the last report from the team, named "Protecting Digital Information," recognized

two significant recommendations for the preservation of digital information: the need to

draw in content makers in the digital filing measure, and the requirement for an

organization of trusted and guaranteed digital chronicles.

In 2003, the Research Library Group made a joint team with the National Archives and

Records Administration (NARA) to create models that would "work with the certification of

digital vaults," as characterized by the report on Trusted Digital Repositories. Utilizing the

framework made by the ERPANET project, Digital Preservation Europe (DPE) lobbied for

digital preservation across the globe from 2006 to 2009.

DPE was a consortium of European institutions that common their digital preservation

aptitude and assets and handled cooperative associations under the brand. The Open

Preservation Foundation began as the Preservation and Long-Term Access Through

Networked Services Project (PLANETS). It was a four-year project, from 2006 to 2010,

financed by the European Union to create standards-based, proof-based, interoperable

digital preservation administrations. The task united the mastery of national libraries and

files, research colleges, and technology organizations all through Europe.

In 2012, at the UNESCO Memory of the World Program Conference, it was reemphasized

with new direness that a concentrated, brought-together international exertion for the

preservation of and access to digital legacy is made. This prompted the creation of the

PERSIST program in 2013. Digital preservation has made some amazing progress since

1994. There are currently international standards, formal and accepted, for a significant

number of the fundamental digital preservation undertakings and for digital authentic

storehouses.

Institutional help has expanded, and administrations have recognized the significance of

protecting digital articles as a feature of their social legacy missions. In particular, the

milestones introduced in this section support the requirement for collaborations among

institutions and across nations when undertaking the assignment of protecting digital

articles. None of the past or future work done by instrument and strategy makers, report

scholars, and digital preservation professionals was done in a vacuum, and all future

endeavors in digital preservation will expand upon crafted by the past.

Having the entirety of this information transparently accessible assists institutions with

deciding to consume their inexorably restricted assets to make or improve their digital

preservation programs, accordingly guaranteeing that the digital items that record our

social and scholarly legacy are to be saved and preserved at all cost.

Note: Image by Anastasiya Badun from Pixabay

Evolution of Writing Materials

 

The evolution of writing materials and the history of human development are

indistinguishable substances. Writing, and besides printing, despite our modem

advancements, is still by a wide margin the most intense and powerful apparatus utilized

in correspondence, and correspondence is the establishment of all human advancement.

Researchers accept that our precursors before, a long period back, began

composing correspondences by utilizing a few signs and images and pictographic on the

sand.

Sand doesn't hold composed impacts on it for long, nor can the message dazzled on it be

moved to start with one spot and then onto the next. So started the human undertaking to

look for appropriate writing material from one perspective, and to devise reasonable

writing scripts on the other; everyone, nonetheless, affecting the other generally. This

excursion down the ages establishes the history of the evolution of writing materials from

sand to paper and writing scripts from ancient pictograms to our current-day phonetic

characters.

Be that as it may, it is difficult to develop this history in its entirety. How before long man

started to make 'books' after the innovation of writing is difficult to learn decisively due to

the issue, of endurance of the materials of whom these were made.

For instance, from archeological and immediate or roundabout artistic confirmations we

discover that the Greeks and the Romans utilized waxed wooden tablets, the Chinese

utilized wooden tablets, bamboo strips, silk, and cotton textures as the evolution of

writing materials, however not many of these examples have endured. we will confine

ourselves to just those materials that had the broad need for a genuinely significant period, 

and of which examples actually exist.

Different Writing materials

Stone

The evolution of writing materials like stone is the most established instance of writing

which has to endure the notions of nature through hundreds of years. Writing on stone

must be done carefully with the assistance of etches or some sharp apparatuses. When

composed, the message procured an extremely long life. Engravings on stone sections

actually exit numerous pieces of the world. The Rosetta Stone of Egypt which is over 5000

years of age, is one such normal and important model. Engravings on stone generally

bear writings of uncommon worth, strict sets of accepted rules, and whatever things.

These are accessible in a huge number in, different historical centers of the World.

Clay Tablets

The evolution of writing material like Clay Tablets, which is  something that is denoted to the

current day 'book' was made by our predecessors the Sumerians, the Babylonians, the

Assyrians, and the Hittites. They utilized tablets made of water-cleaned clay. While the

clay was still delicate, the essayist used to engrave writing on it with the assistance of a

pointer. After the writing was done, the clay tablet was either dried in the sun or for

better, stronger, consumed in ovens.

The evolution of writing materials of tablets, which appeared as blocks, were of

various shapes and measurements around five inches in length. These consumed tablets

were very hard and practically indestructible. The most seasoned tablets recuperated so

far were of Babylonian beginning tracing all the way back to the fifth thousand years B.C.

From Babylonia, apparently, the utilization of clay tablets spread to Assyria and different

regions toward the West up to Egypt through business intercourse and triumphs.

Papyrus

The Papyrus evolution of writing materials move is seen as equivalent to a clay tablet.

About the time the Babylonians were creating clay tablets, the Egyptians figured out how

to make writing material from the papyrus plant. Papyrus, from which our paper

determined its name, is a reed-like plant In old Egypt it filled bounteously in the shallows

of the Nile delta. The stem of the plant is 3 feet to 10 feet long, three-sided, and

tightening in structure. The main use for which papyrus has tracked down its fortunate

spot in history was its utilization as a writing material.

Due to its different uses, the development of the plant was not altogether left to nature.

The Egyptians indeed developed it incredibly to satisfy the developing need for it,

extraordinarily as writing material. For the planning of writing material, the stem was cut

into longitudinal strips, and the strips were laid one next to the other, with edges somewhat

covering. Across the layer, another layer of more limited strips was laid at the right points.

The two layers in this way woven framed a sheet.

After absorbing water and applying some paste or glue, the

sheets fluctuated in size, with common ones estimating around 5" 6" wide, and by and large

not over 20 sheets to a roll. The Egyptians normally utilized long papyrus moves

for books. Likewise, papyrus influenced the way of writing, making what is known as

the hieroglyphic style. Copyists composed on Papyrus with reed pens and ink of various

shadings. The result was an embellishing style of hieroglyphic writing. Contrasted with

clay tablets, papyrus is delicate; yet examples of Egyptian papyrus tracing all the way

back to 2500 BC, actually exist. To shape a roll, a few Sheets were combined with glue.

Parchment

The skin of specific animals has been utilized as writing material hundreds of years prior. The animals 

whose skins were found proper were mainly sheep, goats, and calves.

The evolution of writing materials of Parchment is the conventional term addressing

animal skins utilized for writing purposes. It is made by eliminating the hair or fleece from

the skin of the animal and setting the skin in lime to dispose of its fat. The skin is then

extended on an edge and shaved with blades and scrubbers. Powdered chalk is 'scoured

on with pumice stone to smoothen and relax the skin. The enduring examples of the third

and the fourth hundreds of years show a huge improvement with the presentation of a

better nature of parchment, especially (I) Vellum and (ii) Uterine.

i) Vellum

It is produced using the more fragile skins of calves, children, and sheep. Generally

speaking, the vellum of early compositions, down to and including the sixth century, is of

excellent quality, of flimsy and sensitive surface, firm and fresh, smooth and lustrous.

ii) Uterine

This slender, delicate, delicate, and very white assortment of vellum was set up from the

skin of still-conceived or recently conceived calves, children, and sheep. An exceptional

occurrence of a codex made out of this amazingly fragile substance is an original copy in

the British Museum, which is comprised of upwards of 579 leaves, without being a volume

of strange mass.

The specialty of coloring vellum with a rich purple tone was polished both in

Constantinople and Rome in any event as far back as the third century. Original copies

were written in silver and gold, adding incredible magnificence to the codices (plural type

of codex). A specific number of early instances of such brilliant original copies in uterine

vellum actually make due in a pretty amazing condition.

Paper

The evolution of writing materials on Paper is called "the handmaiden" of civilization.

Today, per capita utilization of paper is regularly considered as a dependable record of the

social level of a country and a proportion of its characteristic riches. Paper is made out of

cellulose strands, a substance found in all plants.

The plants that are extraordinarily utilized for paper-making incorporate trees like fir,

poplar, pine, and so on, cotton plants, rice and wheat straws, grasses, hemp, jute, etc.

A huge extent of paper is created these days from wood by extricating cellulose,

however, for assembling writing paper of a high evaluation, cotton clothes are as yet

utilized.

For many years clothes were the vital crude material for paper. Notwithstanding, these

days the vast majority of the assortments of paper are produced using wood mash. Cloth

papers, which are truly sturdy are utilized predominantly for records, needed for a long

time, and for safeguarding. Whatever the crude materials utilized for making paper, it's

assembling interaction includes different stages like the evacuation of unfortunate

constituents, decrease to sinewy state, blanching, beating to mash, and changing over

the mash into paper.

History of Paper

As has been expressed above, the paper gets its name from Egyptian papyrus. Paper, as

we probably are aware, was designed in China in about AD 105. The Chinese specialty of

paper production spread to different pieces of the world after a few Chinese paper

creators were caught in fights between the Arabs and the Chinese in Russian

Turkestan. The Moors at Samarkand took in the procedure from them.

The evolution of writing materials in the Paper industry was set up in Baghdad in AD 795.

Hence, because of the Crusades and Moorish triumph of Northern Africa and Spain, the

information on paper making spread to Europe.

The evolution of writing materials of paper was presented in India by the Mohammedans

the most established Indian paper original copy is said to date from 1223-24 AD. It

previously supplanted birch bark and later palm leaf for example of old paper original

copies. For a few hundred years workmanship paper was made by hand from the cloth

mash. The paper was solid, however, the cycle was exceptionally sluggish.

In 1750 a machine was imagined in Holland which diminished the time important to

separate the clothes to filaments. In 1798 a machine to make paper in a ceaseless roll

was imagined in France. It was improved by the Fourdrinier siblings in 1803.

In 1840 a German developed a cycle of granulating signs into a sinewy mash and in 1867

an American imagined the synthetic interaction of isolating the fiber from the wood by

dissolving it in an answer of sulfurous corrosive. This interaction was quickly developed in

Europe so that by 1882 wood mash was made by measures like those in the current paper

plants.

Note: Image by Andreas Lischka from Pixabay

Environmental factors affecting Library materials

 

Environmental factors affecting Library materials should be conserved and preserved.

The library is the repository of knowledge. This institution collects, organizes,s,

and disseminates knowledge. Libraries play a great role in reforming society. The library is

an important institution that needs special attention.

People spend lots of money on the maintenance of their homes, and just like that you have to

allocate a budget annually for the upkeep of Libraries. The library resources if

damaged are irreplaceable. You won't get those materials in the market. The 

library's holdings are part of mankind's heritage.

Read this Article - How Library Provides Community Information Services

You have to conserve and preserve the decaying studying materials available in Libraries.

Librarians must give proper attention to the deteriorating condition of the

library. They should act on time so that more damage is avoided. They are responsible

and so they should handle it with care. The librarian should be aware of the

environmental factors affecting library materials.

Most of the Library materials are in paper form or say organic in nature, which are

susceptible to natural decay. The binding materials like a board, leather, cloth, thread, ink,

adhesive, etc are foods to some microliving organisms. So special care is required from

time to time so that it does not fall prey to these living organisms.

Causes of Deterioration of Library Materials

Changes take place at every stage at every place to any object. It may be living or non-

living things. Environmental factors affecting library materials sooner or later. You have to

know how environmental factors influence the growth of organisms. Check what things

cause the deterioration of records in libraries.

Analysis has to be done on how the deterioration is taking place in Libraries. The materials

are damaged, having shrinkage, cracks, brittleness, warping, discoloration, holes, etc. These

are easily seen in library materials. Dust and Dirt also play a great role in the

deterioration of library materials.

List of Environmental Factors

Light

Sun Light is a gift of God and necessary to human beings. Doctors say that sunlight

should reach every corner of the place where you live. But this sunlight when falls on

library materials gets damaged. It has adverse effects on the books. The Ultraviolet

radiation of light causes serious bad effects on written or printed materials.

Chemical reactions take place when the paper is exposed to sunlight. The paper becomes

brittle and easily breaks. The paper ink fades due to sunlight. The paper becomes hard

and breaks at the slightest touch. Sunlight is one of the Environmental factors affecting

library materials.

Artificial Light like LED Light or fluorescent tube light also emits large amounts of

ultraviolet rays which deteriorates the paper. The paper becomes yellowish and tanned.

This also damages the library material. So these library materials should not be placed

too close to these artificial bulbs.

The Books shelf should be arranged in such a way that the sun does not fall directly on

books. You should check the intensity of light and the duration of exposure. How long it is

exposed to the sun. That intensity and duration play a great role in deterioration. These

things are generally overlooked, but when the damage is already done, then you realize

it.

Heat

The library environment should be cool, then only materials will be protected. Heat is also

one of the Environmental factors affecting library materials. Heat is also one of the

culprits which makes the life of books very short. The binding gets damaged due to

humidity. Heat is measured in Centigrade and Fahrenheit.

High temperature and high humidity pave the way for the growth of molds. These molds

damage the materials. When the user touches that book, it tends to crumble. Heat is

generated by an electric bulb and tubes. Most of the places powerful bulbs are used in

Libraries and they generate more heat.

Lots of Environmental factors affect library materials. Heat plays a crucial role. In

summer more than 45 Degrees Celsius is measured and these variations of temperature

are bad for the library. High temperature accelerates the rate of deterioration of library

materials.

Humidity and Moisture

Humidity and Moisture are the environmental factors affecting Library materials 35%

Relative humidity is normal for the Library. Humidity is the moisture that is found in the air.

Water is absorbed by the objects, which is in the air. When there is high humidity, Library

materials absorb it.

Too much humidity makes the materials absorb more water, ultimately it makes it soggy.

This moisture weakens the fibers of the paper. These moistures weaken the bindings of

the books and they become loose. The ink and printing get spread out. The pages get

stuck together due to excess moisture.

Humidity is one of the environmental factors affecting library materials. Humidity and

moisture pave the way for the growth of fungus, which damages the library materials.

This fungus makes holes in the pages of documents.

Water

Water is one of the Environmental factors affecting library materials. When natural

calamities, leaking roofs, human negligence, etc are the reasons for water damaging the

libraries. Natural calamities mean that in some areas, floods occur every year, which enter

the library. The Library materials get damaged.

Leaking Roofs of Libraries due to defective plumbing, the pipe gets damaged and water is

spread everywhere in the library. Check-in proper time by a plumber helps in saving books

from water. Water makes the binding weak and paper hard after it gets dry.

During the rainy season, you have to be alert. You don't know when the rain will come

from the windows. So the window clamp should be well in place so that it is closed

during rain. When the books get wet during rain, fungus grows on them. Steel furniture like

a shelf gets rusted after getting wet in the rain.

Dust and Dirt

Dust is one of the environmental factors affecting Library materials. Its fine particles

present in the air ultimately get seated on library material. Dust is very bad for libraries. It is

a mixture of soil and sand. When this dust settles on documents and due to humidity,

fungus grows there.

Dust and Dirt are very hard to remove. It gets stuck on the pages due to moisture. Due to

moisture, there is a growth of fungus. These dust particles exert abrasion on the pages.

Dust and Dirt give the fungus an environment to grow on the surface of library materials.

Conclusion

Library is one of the greatest institutions which is respected everywhere. Old Libraries are a

national heritage. It has collections of ancient times which let you know about the culture

of old times. So It is high time to save the library. You have to conserve and preserve the

library materials.

You have to create methods of preservation of library materials. There are lots of

environmental factors affecting library materials. So librarians have to make policies for

the preservation of library materials. You got to know about Light, Heat, Humidity,

Moisture, Dust, Dirt, Water, etc are the environmental factors. So you have to check these

factors and handle the library with care.

Note: Image by Mystic Art Design from Pixabay

Biological deterioration of Library materials

Biological deterioration of library materials is caused by small microorganisms, insects,

and rodents. These microorganisms develop in the library which is in bad condition due to

neglect by irresponsible library staff. The Librarian is fully responsible for whatever is

happening in the library. He can't excuse this blame.

As you know book components like paper, leather, cloth, board, etc are used for

bookbinding. But when there is high humidity, there is moisture and that weakens the

binding. The moisture lets the fungus and other microorganisms grow there. The humidity

and moisture aggravate the condition and accelerate their growth.

Biological deterioration of Library materials can be stopped by timely intervention and

conservation. The attack by these biological agents is because they get favorable

conditions to develop. Every Library has to go through these difficult times created by

these agents of bio-deterioration.

Biological Agents categories

Fungus

The fungus is one of the Biological deterioration of Library materials. It is a sort of little

unwanted plant. They grow anywhere where there is moisture and dirt. It grows

because of humidity and its range should be between 60 to 100%. The fungus grows in its

favorable temperature, i.e. between 10-35c.

You would have seen the fungus near the water tank, dark green, or brown color. It

generally grows where there is water or moisture. in Libraries due to humidity and there

is moisture. This fungus grows on Leather's book covers and consumes cellulose.

The books after the fungus growth get fully damaged. It is in no condition to use. There is

a lot of stains on the pages. The pages are discolored.

Bacteria

Bacteria are also responsible for the biological deterioration of library materials. It also

appears on old books having leather bindings. These bacteria are not visible to the

naked eye. It eats cellulose in paper and thus the book is damaged.

Silverfish

Silverfish is an insect responsible for the biological deterioration of library materials.

The materials used in binding like starch and glue, are the food of silverfish. Dust and Dirt

also attract Silverfish. They live in dark places and stay active at night. Sunlight is

necessary to enter in Library. If it is not there, then insects grow in damp places.

Dust that collects and settles on the books is very bad for the library. These insects grow

in this type of environment. Silverfish is one such creation, which is silver in color and

about 10mm in size. They eat the adhesive and glue used in the binding of the book. They

make holes inside the books. You will be amazed to see that the hole starts from the front cover

and ends on the back cover page.

Cockroaches

It is also an insect, which is responsible for the biological deterioration of Library

materials. Cockroaches are generally seen in the kitchen at home, but they also stay at

the library. They are also enemies of books. They like to damage it. They eat pages of

books and materials of bindings.

Cockroaches generally live in dark and damp places. It may be under the bookshelf,

almirah, cupboards, and gaps in walls. They excrete on the pages and leave a dark stain

So every corner of the libraries should be kept clean and pesticides should be put there

Book worms

Bookworms are one of the agents responsible for the biological deterioration of library

materials. These bookworms also damage the books as they feed on paper and book-binding materials. 

They make a tunnel in the books and boards, which is used for cover--

Book Lice

This is also one of the insects like bookworms, but it is different in look. It is gray and

white in color. All these grow due to moisture and dust, which is settled on books. They

eat the fungus which is grown in books.

Termites

Termites are also called White ants. This can completely eat the library and

turn it into mud. Termites that grow in wet and damp places. They eat wood and

paper. They do severe damage and cannot be repaired.

You can find termites when you will see mud tunnels near the shelf or furniture. They stay

in wall cracks and holes. Termites generally stay in the soil.

Rodents

Rodents include mice, rats, squirrels, etc. They are responsible for the biological

deterioration of library materials. They come from drainage holes and windows. The librarian

should check that there should be no food materials left in the dustbin or anywhere in

the library. These food particles invite them and they damage the library materials. Rats like to tear

pages.

Conclusion

The librarian is responsible for the library. Besides providing library services to users, he

should be checking for any unwanted activities by these biological deterioration elements.

Timely pesticides should be used in libraries. Libraries are heritage and storehouses of

knowledge. Preservation and conservation of the library should be done to safeguard the

library.

Note: Image by Michal Jarmoluk from Pixabay

Preventive measures for Environmental factors

Preventive Measures for Environmental Factors are a very important issue for librarianship.

The librarian should appoint somebody to look after the maintenance of the

library. He should visit every section of the library and inspect the cleaning process.

Verbal assurance of the staff is often misleading.

So the Librarian should take time and see whether everything is according to his

expectations. It is the Librarian's responsibility to safeguard the library resources from

being damaged. Timely preventative measures should be taken for the

preservation of Library Resources.

Preservation is a normal process and it is done on a weekly or monthly basis. Whereas

the Conservation process includes diagnosis and special treatment to the damaged

material. This treatment is curative and stops further decaying of that material.

Aspects of Preservation

Preventive Measures for environmental factors mean that there is action taken to

identify any library materials being damaged. It also means that library materials should

be kept in proper condition. For this, some basic methods have to be applied like good

caretaking, dusting, and supervision. The librarian should take challenges of preservation.

Curative Measures mean direct treatment of the damaged library materials so that the life of

those materials is increased. It includes a special treatment that is required. This

treatment is on an individual basis.

Preventive Measures for Environmental Factors

Well Planned Building

Firstly you have to see whether the site chosen for the construction of the library, is good or not. For

that, you have to see the soil. If you find termites or white ants in that soil, then it is sure

that they will enter your library someday and damage your library materials and furniture.

Ventilation

The Library building should be designed by an Architect so that buildings should be well

ventilated for good circulation of air Proper ventilation is a must for the well-being of the

library documents. There would be no humidity and moisture, which is responsible for the

decaying of library materials. This is one of the Preventive measures for environmental

factors.

Good Selection of Wooden Furniture

Library Furniture should be bought in the dry season, not in the rainy season. The

furniture should be treated chemically to avoid insects. Wooden furniture should be

painted with good paint annually. Some wooden furniture needs special polishing. This is

also one of the preventive measures for environmental factors.

Big Trees should be avoided

Big Trees should be avoided near the Library building. Their roots will damage the building's

foundation. Sometimes big old tree roots spread far places and if the building is near,

and then there are chances of a crack in the building. Sometimes Big trees fall on the

Library building or parking and lots of damage is done.

Building far from the main Road

The library Building should be far from the main road. If it is near the road then lots of

dust will enter the library. This dust and dirt create serious problems in the future. They

will settle on books and after humidity, the fungus will develop on it.

Protect from Sunlight

One of the preventive measures is that you should stop Sunlight from entering the library.

The sun rays directly falling on the books, will damage it, as it contains ultraviolet rays.

So Library windows should have dark color curtains to stop sun rays from coming inside.

Green glass should be fitted in windows as it reflects sunlight.

Install Air Conditioning

Installing Air Conditioners is the best preventive measure for high humidity. Humidity is

one of the big causes of damaging library materials. Air Conditioners will keep the

temperature cool and the ideal temperature will be easily maintained. This will keep

library materials in good condition.

Proper cleaning

Library Floors should be wiped daily with phenyl. This will keep mosquitoes and ants away

from the floor entering the library. Table, chairs, and Computers in the Library should be

cleaned with dusters. Vacuum Cleaners should be used for cleaning the books as cleaning

with cloths will make it dirtier.

Conclusion

The library is a place to study. It has a huge collection of reading materials. But

maintenance is a big task. You are investing lots of money in the acquisition of books and

subscriptions of journals. Computers and CD ROMS are there for accessing study materials

in electronic form. Methods of preservation of library materials discussed above should

be followed for safeguarding the library.

So every piece of equipment should work, and they should be kept in a dust-free environment. Lots of

dust accumulated in the motherboard of the CPU. A vacuum cleaner can easily take it

out. The library should be far from traffic and the environment should be cool. Humidity

damages Library materials. You should follow preventive measures to safeguard from

decaying it.

Five Laws of Library Science

 

The Five Laws of Library Science is a theory that Dr.S.R.Ranganathan presented for the

first time in 1928 at a conference held in the Meenakshi College, Annamalainagar.

These laws were first published in Ranganathan's book entitled Five Laws of Library

Science in 1931. He is regarded as the father of Library Science in India. He played a key

role in the development of the Library movement.

Books are for Use

This is the First Law of Library Science. In History, you get to see that books were kept as

showpieces. Now also people use books for decoration purposes. Ranganathan said that

books are not to be kept on shelves closed or in a chain, rather They should be used more

and more. Previously more stress was given to storage. He agreed that storage and

preservation were issues that could not be neglected but He propagated that it should be

open for user's access. He gave a few suggestions to promote the use of books. This is one

of the five laws of library science which promotes the reading of books for all.

Library Location is very important in the context of First Law. It should be in proximity to

users. It should not be too far. If it is a public library then it should be in the middle of the

city. In the same way, if it is a school, college, or university library then it should be in the

midst of campus so that students can easily reach the library. The Library should not be

near the main road as traffic noise will create problems for users.

Library Timing is another factor that will help users to use the books in Libraries. The

Timing should be flexible enough so that with their regular classes, they can visit the

library and get the books issued. If it is a public library then the timing should suit the

general people. In the evening, the office goes and students are free and they can visit the

library. So Timing plays an important role in getting books used in Libraries. In hostels also

evening timing is suitable for students.

The Library has an open and closed access system. The close access system is where

users go to the counter and demand books. The books are issued to them. But if that

book is issued then users return empty hand. But In the open-access system, the user

gets some other books issued if that book is not available. He has the option to see which

other books are available. So In this way, books are used more in open-access systems.

The Library should be well-ventilated so that users don't get tired. The shelf should be of

general height so that users can easily get books from the shelf. The shelf should not be

closed. The chairs should be comfortable enough to sit for longer periods. There should be

proper lighting. These facilities attract users to the library, Thus more and more books are

being used.

The Library Staff helps users get the required documents. His behavior should be good

so that users can approach him for the documents. In this way, the users get the solution

to their problems.

Every Reader his/her book.

The Second Law of Library Science states that Every Reader his/her Book. Ranganathan

meant that the Reader may be a school, college, and university student. He may be a

retired old man, a researcher, a worker, unemployed youth, etc. So the books should be

available for all age groups. This is one of the five laws of library science which states that

every reader gets his book after visiting the library.

The Reader may be of Science, Humanities, or Commerce background. The reader wants

to read books for leisure and so he needs books for relaxation. So the books selected by

the librarian should cater to the needs of all the readers. Librarians should respect the readers'

choices.

The Books should be procured by the Librarian in some regional languages other than English.

English is the international language and so most books are available in English. But at

the same time, some readers are comfortable with regional language books. In this way, all

the readers will get to read the books of their choice.

Public Libraries should open in every city so that local people get to access the library.

They are updated in this way. The government should take the initiative in opening public libraries

and contribute to the development of society. A well-informed reader is an asset to

society.

Every Book its Reader

The Third Law states that Every Book its Reader. Ranganathan said that the books

selected for the library should fetch its readers. The Librarian should take enough time

and analysis before purchasing library materials. As you know the Library has very little

budget, especially schools, colleges, and public libraries. So funds should be properly

utilized. This is one of the five laws of library science which states that every book in the

library should get its reader.

The books which are being purchased for the first time should be procured in fewer numbers.

If that book is being used satisfactorily then we can increase more books of that title.

Sometimes Teachers recommend that books which are being written by him, in large

quantity. But later we find that books do not cover all the syllabus and thus readers don't

use that book.

The Books should be kept on open shelves and then only readers will reach the shelves and

get the books. The Catalogue should be prepared so that users get to know about all the

books available in that library.

The Books should be Classified according to subjects and a Call Number is given on every

book, which helps the user in reaching the shelves after searching that book in the

catalog. The Catalogue locates that book. These Catalogue cabinets or Online Public

Access Catalog (OPAC) terminal should be kept at the entrance of the Library.

Reference Librarian guides the user about different books according to their requirement.

He recommends specific books to users.

The new Arrival List should be put on the Library Notice Board or sent to the user's email. Then the

only the user will reach the library to get that book, which is recently procured.

A bibliography plays an important role in getting books, as it is compiled according to topics

and subjects. This makes it easy for the user to get lots of books on a particular topic.

Extension Services also helps in getting the books to readers. This is a remote service.

The books are kept in the van and go to remote places where users issue the books. It is

generally a weekly service. It is also called Mobile Library.

Save the Time of the Reader

The Fourth Law states "Save the Time of the Reader". Ranganathan clearly says that the

User's Time is Precious. He visits Library for his requirements. He needs books for getting

knowledge and for his studies. He needs books for examination, which may happen in the

coming days. So In this situation, users are under stress, and we Librarians should help

him in getting his required book easily. The users get annoyed if kept waiting for a longer

period. This is one of the five laws of library science which gives stress on saving time.

The Library should have an Open access system, where users easily go to shelves and find

the required books. If the required book is issued, he may get related books. The users

are aware of the shelves as they constantly visit the shelves of their subjects.

Again I would like to say that Cataloguing and Classification play a great role in organizing

library study materials. In this way, users independently find the required books after

using the catalog. These days OPAC Online catalog is a boon for users. It helps them

retrieve books through different search options in very little time.

RFID facility helps users to self-check in and self-checkout the books. I mean issue and

return of books are easily done by users, without wasting their time. Nowadays Library is

open 24 Hours, thus giving enough time to visit the library at their convenience.

Again according to this law, the Library should be in the middle of the city or institution.

We can say the Library location should be in the heart of the institution or City. It will be

convenient for users, to reach the library without wasting time.

Reference Librarians should guide the users. Library Guides should be available for users.

Subject tags should be put on every shelf so that users can easily locate the books.

Library is a growing Organism

The fifth Law of Library Science states that the Library is a growing organism. It means

that every organism grows. In the same way, the Library grows in the collection and in

size also. This is one of the five laws of library science which states that libraries will grow

gradually with time.

Readers are growing with time. More and more students are enrolling and so readers

number is increasing. They have different requirements. To satisfy their needs we

have to procure more library materials. This leads to an increase in the collection.

The Library collection grows with time. There is an information explosion. Publications are

done rapidly. New Subjects are emerging due to research in every field. The Journals'

Collection is an important part of the Library and so its collection is growing very fast. So

due to collections, we have shifted to new big buildings to accommodate the huge collection of

the library.it is necessary and every library has to go through these phases.

Then you need more library staff to deal with more readers and a huge collection which will

keep growing with the time.

Thus these Five Laws of Library Science have improved Library services and keep

improving in the future. It is still prevalent after the advent of new technology.

Variants of Five Laws of Library Science

Michael Gorman 1998, ex-president of American Library Association (ALA),

recommended the following laws:

1. Libraries serve humanity.

2. Respect all forms by which knowledge is communicated.

3. Use technology intelligently to enhance service.

4. Protect free access to knowledge.

5. Honor the past and create the future.

Alireza Noruzi in 2004, Librarian by profession, recommended the application of

Ranganathan's Five laws of library science to the Web:

1. Web resources are for use.

2. Every user has his or her web resource.

3. Every web resource its user.

4. Save the time of the user.

5. The Web is a growing organism.

Librarian Carol Simpson in 2008, recommended the following edits to Rangarthan's five

laws of library science in the context of media:

1. Media are for use.

2. Every patron his information.

3. Every medium its user.

4. Save the time of the patron.

5. The library is a growing organism.

B. Shadrach in 2015, proposed an alternative law, adapted at the 2015 Indian Public

Libraries Conference in New Delhi:

1. Knowledge is for use in all forms.

2. Every citizen has the right to access all knowledge in all forms.

3. Every piece of knowledge is for access by all without discrimination of any kind.

4. Save the time of all of the knowledge seekers.

5. A library or a knowledge system is one that evolves with time to achieve all of the

above laws

Dr. Achala Munigal in 2016 recommended the laws in the context of the application of social tools

in libraries:

1. Social Media is for use

increasingly in libraries by librarians.

2. Every user his or her Social Tool.

3. Every Social Tool its user.

4. Save time of user by providing information he or she seeks using the social tool he

or she is familiar with.

5. Social Media is a growing organism, with various tools and apps being introduced

every day. Libraries are not brick and stone anymore. They serve members and non-

members alike in terms of non-traditional library service, irrespective of space and

time.

The above thinkers recommended these laws in addition to Dr. S.R.Ranganthan's Five Laws

of Library Science. Some wanted to edit these laws. But they have developed these

different variants of laws which seem to be right in their context.

Selection of Library software

 

Factors for Selection and Evaluation of Library Automation Software:

1. Hardware and Operating System: The hardware required for implementing the software has to be decided in advance. The software required for running the software must be acquired. For example, Presently you are using Libsys Software, and it is running on Windows. Now you are switching from Libsys to Koha. Koha requires the Linux operating system.
2. Functions - Library automation software should perform functions like acquisition, cataloging, circulation, online public access Catalogue, serial control, etc. If the Internet is available, then WEB-OPAC.
3. System Features: The programming language that was used to develop the software also must be taken into consideration. Software developed in older programming languages like COBOL, BASIC, etc generally faces problems in its maintenance, upgrade, customization, etc. Availability of standalone/network version suitability of the software for any particular type of library, modules, etc. is to be taken into consideration.
4. Data Entry: The restriction in the total number of records in a database, the total number of databases the software can handle, MARC, CCF compatibility, facility for downloading data from external hosts and DVD ROM, databases, etc. are to be considered.
5. Performance: The search response time, search options, backup facilities, database security, and total performance of the system are to be considered.
6. Multi Script- One of the important factors that has to be considered is the facility for data entry in various scripts. Most of the libraries in India have collections in many languages, so ideal library software for Indian libraries should have multiple script acceptance.
7. Documentation - Documentation such as Manual, Instructions, Online support, etc. are very essential for using any library Software.It is necessary to examine to what extent the documentation is available and how is it for practical use.The manual must have a table of contents, glossary, index, examples, sample screen, etc.
8. Customer support - Customer support and Training other factors include cost of the system, ease of use, warranty, availability of updated versions, etc.

History of Internet

When you want to study about the Internet, you have to know about the History of

Internet. But before that, we will understand what is the internet? The term internet has

been coined from two terms, i.e., interconnection and network. A network is simply a

group of computers that are connected to sharing information and resources. Several

such networks have been joined together to form what is called the Internet.

The Internet is thus a network of networks. It refers to the vast collection of interconnected

networks that use the TCP/IP protocols and that evolved from the ARPANET. The Internet

is the world's largest computer network that enables computers of all kinds kinds to share

services and commercials.

Definition

The Federation National Council (FNC) in 1995 referred to the Internet as Global Information

System that (i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on

the Internet Protocol or its subsequent extensions; (ii) can support communications

using Transmission Control/Internet Protocol suite or its subsequent extensions and (iii)

provides, uses, or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high-level services layered

on the communication and related infrastructure.

History of the Internet

The history of the Internet can be traced back to 1957, when the Soviet Union launched its

the first satellite, Sputnik I, prompting then-United States President Dwight Eisenhower to

launch the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which took the  lead in the

technological race. DARPA's mission was to advance science and technology for military

applications.

The DARPA developed its first successful satellite in 18 months. By the end of 1960, it

began to focus on computer networking and communication technology required to

establish communication links between research centers and universities established

across the country as part of its overall mission.

ARPANET was commissioned in 1969 and by 1971 it had 15 nodes (connecting points) and

connecting point 23 hosts (two-way access to other computers has localhost number on

IP Address)

The Email was invented in 1972 by Ray Tomlinson to send messages across a distributed

network. In 1973, the first international connection to the evolving internet was

established at the University College of London and the Royal Radar Establishment

(Norway).

In the same year, DARPA implemented a research program to investigate techniques and

technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds based on the packet

switching to communicate across multiple, geographically dispersed locations.

The packet switching would split the data to be transmitted into tiny packets that can take

different routes to their destination. The interception of data traveling on the net in

packets would be difficult during the war. This internet project and the system of

Networks developed from the research were known as the Internet.

The system of protocols that was developed throughout this research is known as

TCP/IP Protocol Suite, after two protocols developed, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

and Internet Protocol (IP).

History of Internet Timeline

1969: On Oct. 29, The University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA's Network

Measurement Center, Stanford Research Institute (SRI), University of California-Santa

Barbara and the University of Utah install nodes. The first message was "LO," the first

initiative by student Charles Kline to "Log in" to the SRI computer from the university.

However, the message was not able to be received because the SRI system crashed.

1972: BBN's Ray Tomlinson, who was responsible for introducing network email. The

Internet Working Group (INWG) forms to address the requirement for establishing

standard protocols.

1973: The University College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment

(Norway) connect to ARPANET. The term internet was born after this achievement.

1974: The Telenet became first Internet Service Provider (ISP) with the introduction of a

commercial version of ARPANET.

1974: Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection."

which covers the design of TCP.

1976: Queen Elizabeth II presses the "send button" on her first email.

1979: USENET becomes the forum for hosting news and discussion groups.

1981: The National Science Foundation (NSF) established the Computer Science Network

(CSNET) to provide networking services to university computer scientists.

1982: The protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, emerged as the protocol for

ARPANET were Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP),

1983: The Domain Name System (DNS) provides the familiar.edu,.gov,.com,.mil.org,

net, and int system for naming websites.

1985: Symbolics.com, the website for Symbolics Computer Corp. in Massachusetts, USA

becomes the first to be a registered domain.

1989: The first commercial provider of dial-up access to the Internet was World.std.com.

1990: HyperText Markup Language (HTML) was developed by Tim Berners-Lee, a

scientist at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research.

1991: The World Wide Web was introduced by CERN to the public.

1993: The Mosaic Web browser was developed by Marc Andreessen at the University of

Illinois, Champaign-Urbana.

1994: Microsoft creates a Web browser for Windows 95 named Netscape

Communications.

1994: Jerry Yang and David Filo, two electrical engineering graduate students at

Stanford University creates Yahoo.

1995: Amazon.com, Craigslist, and eBay go live.Compuserve, America Online, and Prodigy

begin to provide Internet access.

1995: The first online dating site launched as Match.com.

1998: The Google search engine was born to create a revolution. It changed the way

users engage with the Internet.

1999: AOL buys Netscape. Peer-to-peer file sharing becomes a reality as Napster arrives

on the Internet, much to the displeasure of the music industry.

2003: The debut of MySpace, Skype, and the Safari Web browser.

2003: The launch of the WordPress blog publishing platform.

2004: Mozilla unveils the Mozilla Firefox browser. Facebook goes online and the new era of

social networking begins.

2005: The social news site Reddit is also founded. YouTube.com launches.

2006: Twitter is launched

2010: Pinterest and Instagram; the social media sites are launched.

2016: A voice-activated personal assistant program named Google Assistant is unveiled.

How to connect to the Internet

You need a computer

2. A modem and telephone line

3. An Internet browser (software) and software to connect you to the ISP

4. An account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Conclusion

Basically, this article is focused on the History of the Internet so lots of things related

to the Internet are omitted. The  Internet is a boon to all, especially academics and business

class. They are utilizing the Internet to achieve their respective goals.

 

Note:Image by Pete Linforth from Pixabay