In the context of libraries, retro conversion typically refers to the process of converting older, manually maintained catalog records into a modern, computerized system. This can involve sever…

The standardization, description, and exchange of information are crucial for ensuring that library systems and databases are interoperable, efficient, and accurate. Various standards and prot…

With the increasing use of digital resources and web-based materials, libraries and information centers must adopt specific cataloging practices to manage these types of resources effectively.…

An Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) and WebPAC (Web-based Public Access Catalog) are two types of systems used by libraries to manage and provide access to their collections. While both ser…

Computerized cataloging refers to the use of computer systems and software to create, manage, and maintain library catalogs. This process has become essential in modern libraries, offering sig…

The AACR-2 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition) provides guidelines for cataloging library materials in a standard and consistent way. Non-book materials (NBMs) such as manuscrip…

Non-Book Materials (NBMs) refer to any type of library materials that are not traditional books, such as multimedia, digital items, and physical objects that may require special attention for …

Pre-coordinate indexing systems refer to systems where index terms (or subject headings) are combined or "pre-coordinated" before they are assigned to a document. In these systems, mul…

The Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) is a widely used controlled vocabulary for subject cataloging in libraries and is developed and maintained by the Library of Congress (LC) in th…

The Sears List of Subject Headings is a controlled vocabulary and a widely used tool in libraries for subject cataloging. It provides standardized terms (subject headings) that can be assigned t…

Subject cataloguing is the process of assigning and organizing subject headings or keywords to library materials based on their content. It helps users find resources related to a specific top…

AACR-2 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd Edition) and CCC (Cataloging Code of Cataloging, often referred to in the context of Indian cataloging practices) are both sets of cataloging rule…