Automation Software Packages and their application: LIBSYS, SOUL, KOHA & NewGenLib

The study of individual automation software packages, particularly LIBSYS, SOUL, KOHA, and NewGenLib, involves understanding their features, functionalities, applications, and how they help in managing library operations efficiently. These systems are used for automating various tasks such as cataloging, circulation, acquisition, and resource management in libraries.

Here's a breakdown of each software package:

1. LIBSYS

LIBSYS is an integrated library management software (ILMS) developed in India. It is designed to automate the core functions of a library, including cataloging, circulation, acquisition, and serials management. It is widely used in Indian libraries, both academic and public.

Features:

Cataloging: Supports MARC21, UNIMARC, and other formats for cataloging library resources.

Circulation: Allows users to check out, check in, and renew books. It supports barcode and RFID systems for efficient circulation management.

Acquisition: Manages the ordering of new books and resources, helping libraries track expenses and acquisitions.

OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog): Provides users with a web-based interface to search for resources available in the library.

Reports and Statistics: Generates various reports related to circulation, acquisition, and cataloging activities.

Applications:

Academic Libraries: Widely used in universities and colleges for automating library functions.

Public Libraries: Libraries across India and other countries use it to manage their resources.

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2. SOUL (Software for University Libraries)

SOUL is another integrated library management system developed by the INFLIBNET Centre (Indian National Centre for Knowledge Service), primarily for university libraries in India. It aims to provide a complete library automation solution.

Features:

Cataloging and Classification: Supports both MARC21 and AACR2 cataloging standards, as well as automatic classification using Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) or Library of Congress Classification (LCC).

Circulation Management: Manages user check-in/check-out, renewals, fines, and reservations.

OPAC: Web-based OPAC for easy resource search and retrieval.

Acquisition and Serials Management: Tracks library purchases and subscriptions to journals and other periodicals.

Reports: Generates detailed reports on user activity, acquisitions, and circulation.

Applications:

University Libraries: Primarily used in universities across India to streamline library functions.

Research Libraries: Suitable for institutions that manage large amounts of research data and publications.

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3. KOHA

KOHA is an open-source Integrated Library Management System (ILMS) developed by the Horowhenua Library Trust in New Zealand. It is one of the most widely used ILMS across the world due to its flexibility, open-source nature, and robust features.

Features:

Open-Source: Being open-source, it allows users to modify the software to suit specific needs.

Cataloging: Fully supports MARC21 for cataloging and integrates with other standards like Z39.50.

Circulation Management: Provides features for managing checkouts, returns, renewals, and overdue items.

OPAC: KOHA has a user-friendly and customizable OPAC.

Serials Management: Manages journals, magazines, and other periodicals.

Reports and Analytics: Offers advanced reporting tools for resource usage, user activity, and other library metrics.

Multi-language Support: Can be customized to provide support in various languages.

Applications:

Public Libraries: Many public libraries worldwide use KOHA for its cost-effectiveness and scalability.

Academic and Research Libraries: It's used by universities and research institutions for managing scholarly resources.

Global Adoption: KOHA is implemented in libraries across countries, including the United States, UK, India, and many others.

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4. NewGenLib

NewGenLib is another integrated library management system developed by the Informatics India Ltd. It is designed for libraries of all sizes, providing a range of features to automate library processes.

Features:

Cataloging: Supports multiple formats for cataloging, including MARC21 and UNIMARC.

Circulation: Includes features for managing library circulation, fines, reservations, and overdue items.

OPAC: Provides a powerful, user-friendly interface for searching the library's catalog online.

Acquisition and Serials Management: Manages acquisitions, including orders and payments, and helps track subscriptions to journals and periodicals.

Reports and Management: Provides statistical reports on library activities, such as circulation data, resource usage, and user activity.

Multi-user, Multi-location Support: Allows multiple users at different locations to access and manage the system concurrently.

Applications:

Academic Libraries: It is suitable for use in academic libraries for managing books, journals, and research materials.

Specialized Libraries: Some research and specialized libraries also use NewGenLib due to its flexibility and customization options.

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Conclusion

These software packages, while varying in their origin, features, and user base, share the common goal of automating library functions to enhance efficiency, reduce manual effort, and improve user experience. They each have their strengths, with KOHA being a popular choice for many libraries worldwide due to its open-source nature, while LIBSYS and SOUL are more regionally focused, particularly in India. NewGenLib offers strong features for libraries that require more customization.

Choosing the right system depends on factors such as the library's size, budget, specific needs, and the technical expertise available for installation and maintenance.

Library Automation and Housekeeping Operations

Library Software is essential part of every Library.In this Modern era how can a librarian think of running a library without implementing Library Software.It helps in productivity and efficiency of work.The Library collections  grows with the time and difficult to manage manually.So Library software is required to help users find the required documents on time.User especially those who are researchers are very busy and if visits library and not able to find then he is not going to visit again.Library Software helps in all sections of library to keep it update.Almost all Library Software  have the same modules which help the librarian and user to retrieve information.

Modules of Library Automation  Software :

1.Acquisition – 

The Acquisition modules deal with selection and ordering of library materials.It also provides bills for payment and helps in  analysis of budget.The following functions mentioned below :

• Initiate Titles for ordering- Users request for ordering the Titles of documents to Librarian.Then Librarian checks for the recommended title that  how many copies are that are available in the library.If it is available ,then there is no need to renter data for additional copies.
• Approval Process - Librarian have to generate list of each title for approval and how many copies approved.Budget analysis done at the time of approval.
• Placing Order - After approval of management, the order is placed.The print order can be generated through this module or can be sent online through email.Amendment or Cancellation of order can be done through this module.
• Receiving - Now you can record the details of items received.
• Invoice Processing - Generate invoice for the order of received materials.Now you can change unit price, discount, exchange rates if any foreign material is procured.Accession number is generated. You are kept updated of order status, Titles ordered,Received and accessioned.You can update your funds.
• Payments Requisition - Generate requisition for  account section, for making payment to vendor.
• Order Follow Up - For left titles or entire order reminder is done.
• Reports - Generate reports for purchase order, budget analysis, list of titles ordered,list of new arrivals, etc.

Cataloguing system :

• Maintaining In Process File - This lists titles entered through Acquisition system but yet to be catalogued.
• catalogued Production - Bibliographic data may be imported or entered.Bibliographic data can be updated for various materials.Data entered directly also not coming from Acquisition system.Editing features or downloading facility of data.
• Catalogue maintenance -data removal.
• Thesaurus construction- for generating keywords
• Bar code Printing - Facilities to generate bar codes
• Authority Files - for the authors, publishers, subject headings and keyword
• Holding Summary and Updates-
• Catalogue Cards- print catalogue cards
• Spine Slips - Print class number. 

 Circulation Section -

• Issue and Return - issue,renewal,return,reserve,hold of documents.Use of barcode and RFID facility.
• Membership Records Keeping - Membership updates done.Generate ID card with barcode.Issue of duplicate card.
• Over due and Follow up reminders - Generate over due reminders.
• Stock Verification - Generates list of collection of library.
• Transaction Log - maintains a record of the transactions on daily basis. 

Serials Control :

• New subscription of Journal- Approval process and ordering.
• Subscription Renewal - Renewals are done.
• Receiving Issues - records issues by volume issue or date.
• Reminders- missing issues
• Binding management - alerts when serial is ready for binding.
• Recording of Bound Volumes - update the collection after binding.
• circulation -circulation of bound or loose issue.

OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue )

• Simple Searching
• Boolean Searching
• Advanced Searching
• Additional Search
• Browse
• Patrons

Library Softwares, types and their features

Library software refers to specialized computer programs designed to manage and organize library resources, such as books, journals, magazines, multimedia, and digital content. These software systems are crucial for automating library functions, improving efficiency, and enhancing user experiences.

Types of Library Software:

1. Integrated Library System (ILS):

Description: An ILS, also known as a Library Management System (LMS), is the core software used in libraries to manage collections, catalog books, track inventory, handle circulation, and assist with acquisitions and serials management.

Features:

Cataloging: Organizes and catalogs library materials with metadata.

Circulation Management: Tracks check-ins and check-outs, holds, fines, and renewals.

Acquisition Management: Helps with the procurement of new library materials.

OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog): Provides a public-facing catalog to search for and locate materials.

Reports: Generates reports for inventory, circulation, and statistics.

2. Digital Library Software:

Description: Digital library systems manage digital resources like e-books, digital archives, images, and other multimedia. These software systems are tailored for managing non-physical resources.

Features:

Content Management: Upload, organize, and manage digital content such as e-books, audiobooks, and images.

Metadata Management: Tags and organizes resources with metadata for easier searching and indexing.

Access Control: Manages who can access digital resources, with DRM (Digital Rights Management) options.

Search and Retrieval: Advanced searching capabilities to find specific digital content.

3. Library Automation Software:

Description: These systems automate daily operations in libraries, like acquisitions, cataloging, circulation, and inventory management.

Features:

Automated Cataloging: Uses MARC (Machine-Readable Cataloging) records for streamlined catalog entry.

Self-Checkout: Allows patrons to check out materials on their own.

Inventory Management: Tracks all library items and their statuses (checked-out, available, in repair).

Barcode/RFID Integration: Uses barcodes or RFID tags for tracking materials and managing checkouts.

4. Library Resource Management (LRM) Software:

Description: Focuses on managing resources like journals, subscriptions, and multimedia.

Features:

Resource Subscription Management: Manages subscription details for journals and databases.

Link Resolver: Connects users with full-text articles or resources across databases and platforms.

Licensing Management: Tracks licenses for digital resources and ensures compliance with agreements.

5. Academic Library Software:

Description: Tailored for university or academic libraries, these systems often integrate with educational software to support research and academic activities.

Features:

Research Support: Integration with academic databases, citation tools, and research management software.

Interlibrary Loan (ILL): Facilitates borrowing materials from other libraries.

Learning Management System (LMS) Integration: Connects to university systems like Moodle or Blackboard to provide academic resources to students.

6. Cloud-Based Library Software:

Description: These systems store library data in the cloud, providing flexibility, scalability, and easier management.

Features:

Remote Access: Patrons and staff can access library data from anywhere.

Scalability: The system can grow as the library’s needs increase, with minimal upfront costs.

Data Security: Cloud providers offer high-end security measures, ensuring data safety.

7. Open-Source Library Software:

Description: These are free and open-source solutions that can be customized according to the library's needs. Examples include Koha and Evergreen.

Features:

Customizability: Can be tailored to the specific requirements of a library.

Cost-Effective: Free to use, with costs limited to installation, customization, and support.

Community Support: Large user communities offer support, updates, and enhancements.

Key Features of Library Software:

1. Cataloging and Metadata Management:

Organizes library materials with detailed metadata (title, author, publisher, subject, etc.).

Supports MARC standards for cataloging.

Allows the addition of digital and multimedia resources.

2. Circulation and Patron Management:

Tracks checked-out and returned items, including fines and overdue materials.

Manages patron accounts and holds requests.

Provides self-checkout and check-in options.

3. Search Functionality:

Allows users to search for resources via keyword, title, author, or subject.

Includes advanced search filters (e.g., by location, format, language).

Integration with external databases for extended search capabilities.

4. Reports and Analytics:

Generates usage reports, circulation statistics, and acquisition budgets.

Helps track library performance and resource utilization.

Allows administrators to plan acquisitions and manage the library budget.

5. Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Support:

Facilitates the borrowing and lending of materials between libraries.

Tracks requests and manages the exchange of materials.

6. Integration with External Systems:

Integrates with cataloging standards like MARC21, Dublin Core, and ISBD.

Supports integration with Learning Management Systems (LMS) or external databases.

Facilitates digital preservation systems for long-term resource storage.

7. User Interface (UI) and Experience (UX):

Designed for ease of use by both library staff and patrons.

Offers intuitive navigation for catalog searches, borrowing materials, and managing accounts.

8. Mobile Access:

Some software offers mobile apps, allowing users to browse, borrow, and manage their accounts on-the-go.

9. Security and Data Privacy:

Ensures that user data is protected with encryption and access control.

Allows role-based access, so different staff members have different levels of access to library functions.

Conclusion:

Library software plays a vital role in the efficient operation of modern libraries by automating tasks such as cataloging, circulation, and user management. With various types and features available, libraries can choose software that best fits their needs, from traditional ILS systems to cloud-based and open-source solutions. The integration of digital tools and user-friendly interfaces makes library services more accessible and efficient for both staff and patrons.

Components of Network

 

A network is made up of various components that work together to allow communication and data exchange between devices. The main components of a network are:

1. Nodes (Devices): These are the individual devices that make up the network. Examples include:

Computers (desktops, laptops)

Servers

Routers

Switches

Firewalls

Printers

Smartphones and other IoT devices

2. Transmission Media: This refers to the physical or wireless medium through which data travels between devices. Examples include:

Wired (cables): Ethernet cables (Cat5, Cat6), fiber optic cables

Wireless: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular signals, satellite links

3. Switches: Devices used to connect multiple devices within a local area network (LAN) and manage the flow of data between them. Switches operate at the data link layer (Layer 2) and can help direct data to the correct device.

4. Routers: These are devices that forward data packets between different networks (e.g., connecting a local network to the internet). Routers operate at the network layer (Layer 3) and help direct traffic across the internet or between subnets in larger networks.

5. Access Points (APs): These devices provide wireless connectivity for devices to access a network. APs are used in Wi-Fi networks to bridge the gap between wired networks and wireless devices.

6. Modems: Devices that convert digital data from a computer into analog signals for transmission over a phone line (or vice versa), typically used for internet access via DSL, cable, or fiber optics.

7. Firewalls: Security devices that monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. They act as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks (e.g., the internet).

8. Cables and Connectors: Physical elements used to establish network connections, including Ethernet cables (Cat5e, Cat6), fiber optic cables, and their associated connectors (RJ45, SC, LC, etc.).

9. Network Interface Cards (NICs): Hardware components that allow devices to connect to the network, either via wired or wireless means. NICs can be integrated into the device or installed as separate components.

10. Protocols: The set of rules that governs data communication between devices. Examples include:

TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the foundational protocol suite for internet and local networking.

HTTP/HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (Secure), used for web communication.

DNS: Domain Name System, used to translate human-readable domain names into IP addresses.

11. Load Balancers: Devices or software that distribute network or application traffic across multiple servers to ensure no single server becomes overwhelmed, improving performance and availability.

12. Repeaters and Hubs: Devices that amplify or regenerate signals over long distances to ensure data can travel further, typically used in large networks.

Each of these components plays an essential role in ensuring that data is transmitted, received, and managed effectively across a network.

Types of Network Topology

 

Types of Network Topology

Network topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of devices, nodes, and connections in a computer network. It defines the structure of a network and determines how devices are interconnected and how data flows between them. There are several types of network topologies, each with its advantages and disadvantages. The most common ones are:

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1. Bus Topology

Definition: In bus topology, all devices (nodes) are connected to a single central cable, known as the bus or backbone. The data sent by any device travels along the bus, and all devices on the network receive the data, but only the device with the matching address processes it.

Advantages:

Simple and easy to implement.

Cost-effective for small networks.

Requires less cable compared to other topologies.

Disadvantages:

If the central bus cable fails, the entire network is affected.

Performance degrades as more devices are added.

Difficult to troubleshoot.

Use Case: Small networks with fewer devices.

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2. Star Topology

Definition: In star topology, all devices are connected to a central device, usually a switch or hub. Each device communicates with the central device, which then relays the data to the correct recipient.

Advantages:

Easy to install and manage.

If one device fails, the rest of the network is unaffected.

Centralized monitoring and control.

Disadvantages:

If the central device (hub/switch) fails, the entire network is affected.

Requires more cable than bus topology.

Use Case: Common in home and office networks.

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3. Ring Topology

Definition: In ring topology, devices are connected in a closed loop, forming a circle. Data travels in one direction (or two, in a dual ring topology) around the loop, passing through each device until it reaches the destination.

Advantages:

Predictable data flow.

Simple to install and configure.

Performs well in high-traffic environments.

Disadvantages:

A failure in one device or connection can disrupt the entire network.

Troubleshooting is more challenging.

More difficult to expand compared to star topology.

Use Case: Older networks, like Token Ring, or specialized environments where predictable traffic is essential.

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4. Mesh Topology

Definition: In mesh topology, each device is connected to every other device in the network. This creates multiple paths for data to travel between devices.

Advantages:

High fault tolerance and redundancy (data can take multiple paths).

Provides high security and reliability.

Excellent for large, complex networks requiring constant availability.

Disadvantages:

Expensive due to the large number of cables and connections required.

Difficult to install and configure.

Maintenance can be complex.

Use Case: Large, mission-critical networks (e.g., for data centers or financial institutions).

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5. Tree Topology (Hierarchical Topology)

Definition: Tree topology is a hybrid of star and bus topologies. It consists of multiple star networks connected to a central bus backbone. It is hierarchical in structure, resembling a tree.

Advantages:

Scalable and easy to expand.

Fault isolation is easier since devices are connected in a tree structure.

Combines advantages of star and bus topologies.

Disadvantages:

If the backbone fails, large sections of the network are affected.

Requires more cable than star topology.

Use Case: Large networks, such as campus networks or large organizations.

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6. Hybrid Topology

Definition: Hybrid topology combines two or more different topologies to create a network structure that leverages the strengths of each. For example, a network might use both star and bus topologies.

Advantages:

Flexible and scalable, as it can be tailored to specific needs.

Can offer the benefits of multiple topologies simultaneously.

Disadvantages:

More complex to design and manage.

Can be more expensive and require more resources.

Use Case: Large enterprises or specialized networks requiring high availability and redundancy.

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7. Point-to-Point Topology

Definition: Point-to-point topology connects two devices directly, without any intermediary devices. It is the simplest form of network connection.

Advantages:

Simple and cost-effective for small-scale networks.

Easy to configure and maintain.

Disadvantages:

Not scalable; only two devices can communicate.

Limited fault tolerance (if one device fails, the communication stops).

Use Case: Direct connections between two devices, such as a modem connection between a computer and the internet.

Client server Architecture

 Definition of Client-Server Architecture

Client-Server Architecture is a computing model in which tasks or workloads are divided between servers (providing resources or services) and clients (requesting and using those services). The client is typically a device (such as a computer or smartphone) or software that sends requests to a server for resources or information, while the server processes those requests and sends back the requested data or services.

The architecture is typically structured into two main components:

1. Client: A user interface or application that requests services or resources.

2. Server: A machine or software that responds to the requests from clients, processes them, and provides resources or services.

Need for Client-Server Architecture

1. Centralized Resources: The server centralizes resources like databases, applications, or files. This ensures better management, security, and scalability since resources are maintained in one place.

2. Efficient Resource Management: Servers typically have powerful hardware and optimized software to handle many client requests simultaneously, making it more efficient than individual clients managing resources.

3. Scalability: As demand for services grows, more servers can be added to handle additional client requests without altering the client-side structure.

4. Security: Centralized control over data and services allows for more robust security measures. Servers can implement authentication, encryption, and access control to protect sensitive information.

5. Load Distribution: By distributing tasks between clients and servers, the system ensures better performance and prevents overloading any single machine.

6. Ease of Maintenance: The client-server model allows for easier software updates and maintenance because the server-side logic can be updated without impacting client devices directly.

Components of Client-Server Architecture

1. Client: This is the end-user's machine or device that interacts with the server by sending requests and receiving responses.

Example: A web browser accessing a website.

2. Server: A powerful machine or system that stores data, processes client requests, and sends responses.

Example: A web server that hosts a website and sends requested web pages to clients.

3. Communication Network: The medium (e.g., the internet, LAN) that facilitates communication between clients and servers, ensuring data can be transferred efficiently.

4. Protocols: Communication protocols (e.g., HTTP, FTP, SMTP) define how clients and servers exchange data.

Types of Client-Server Architectures

1. Two-Tier Architecture: The client communicates directly with the server. The client sends requests to the server, and the server sends back the responses.

Example: A desktop application accessing a database server.

2. Three-Tier Architecture: This includes a middle layer called the application layer that processes requests from the client before forwarding them to the server. This layer can be used for additional processing or business logic.

Example: Web applications with a web server, application server, and database server.

3. Multi-Tier Architecture: Involves multiple layers or tiers, such as load balancing servers, web servers, application servers, and database servers, allowing complex distribution of processing across several servers.

Benefits of Client-Server Architecture

1. Resource Sharing: Servers can share resources, including hardware, software, and data, with multiple clients, enhancing efficiency.

2. Security and Control: Servers have centralized control over security and access to resources, which can be more easily managed and monitored.

3. Flexibility: Clients can be diverse (e.g., mobile phones, PCs) while still accessing the same server resources.

4. Fault Tolerance: Client-server systems can be designed with redundancy (e.g., backup servers) to ensure high availability and fault tolerance.

In conclusion, client-server architecture is crucial for organizing and managing the interaction between users (clients) and systems (servers) effectively, with centralized control, scalability, and security.

System Software and Application software

Software, in general, is a set of programs that direct computers to perform required functions. Basically, a software program is a set of instructions for a computer. In simple terms, you can refer to all programs that are written to be executed on a computer. The programs are written in many different languages called programming languages. The software component of the computer is the predetermined program or instructions which is loaded into CPU's RAM for execution. In some computer systems, these software packages are loaded by the manufacturer as a part of the specifications given in that particular model.

Functions of Software

The main function of the software is to perform the hardware into desired job. For different jobs, different software is designed and developed. The general application software is for Word processing, spreadsheets, graphics, etc. whereas specific purpose application software is for specific tasks like Accounts, Income Tax, Library Management, Ticket Booking, Hospital Management, etc. System Software is designed for handling system control programs which include operating systems, Database Management Systems, Communication, etc. System software supports programs which include utilities, job, accounting, etc.

Types of Software:

There is a conflict of opinion in grouping software. Some want it should be grouped into four types Application Software, Utility Software, and Software Package. System Software is a collection of programs that helps in the execution of Application software programs. Application  Software performs specialized functions like Accounting or Ticket Booking. Utility software is a program that performs routine work,  like compressing data, copying files, etc. A software package is a computer application consisting of a set of programs, which is developed to perform a specific type of work. Software packages are generally integrated, which means they are grouped into modules. Each module handles a particular task. For example, in Library Management Software,  which contains modules like Acquisition, Cataloguing, Circulation, Serial Control, Administration, etc. But many people want it to keep mainly into two types of software:

1.   System Software - System Software is a set of one or more programs, that support and control the operation of the computer. System Software helps in running of computer system effectively and efficiently. Basically, System Software supports the smooth running of peripheral devices and monitoring the use of computer hardware. There are different types of system software:

a) Firmware – Frequently used programs that the computer executes are permanently stored in ROM chips. These programs are available to the CPU immediately whenever it needs. These programs are categorized as Firmware. Firmware is necessary to work as the boot-up programs that are written to start the computer are also in the form of Firmware.

b)    Operating system – The operating system is the powerhouse or master control program for the computer. It helps to control the computer and helps to perform different tasks. The operating system helps in performing memory management, file management, program interaction, communication networking, graphics, and other utilities.

c)   Translators – It helps to translate one language into another. So a translator is mainly related to computer language. In the case of a computer, its hardware part only can operate when instructions are in machine language. There are different types of translators for different categories of languages. for Example Assemblers for assembly language, Interpreters, and Compilers for a high-level language.

Application Software :

Application Software performs specialized functions. Application Software Packages are created to perform a particular task for an individual or organization. Examples are Adobe Photoshop, M.S.Word, M.S.Excel, Page Maker, Coral Draw, M.S.PowerPoint, M.S.Photo Editor, AutoCAD, etc. The following are the Application Software discussed below:

a)    Data-Base Management System – A Data Base Management System (DBMS) is a set of programs that are designed to manage large structured sets of data, offering Query options.DBMS deals with all complex databases. It can control the organization's storage and retrieval of data from its databases.

b)    Word Processor – A Word processing package helps in creating, editing, formatting, storing, retrieving text material, and printing it. A word processor is software that helps to produce documents faster and in better format as compared to typewriters. The tasks of editing and deleting sentences, paragraphs, spelling and grammar checking, etc are easier.

c) Desktop Publishing – It is a new technology but in less time it is widely used. Laser Printers produce pages with high resolution.

d)    Presentation Software- This software provides special graphics to exploit the effects of the movie. M.S.PowerPoint is a presentation tool that helps to create slides and then these slides are displayed at the time of presentation.

e)    Spreadsheets – This is a generated worksheet that consists of the number of rows and columns to be filled with any set of data and later manipulated.it is a useful tool for tabulations and data analysis. For example M.S.Excel.

f)     Graphics – Adobe Photoshop software provides facilities for image editing with lots of new features. This software helps to explore your creative values.

g)  Audio and Video Software – It is now available in digitized form and played with a computer. Microsoft Media Player is easily available with Microsoft Windows. It is a universal media player one can use to receive audio videos in the most popular formats.

h)   Painting software- Paint is an application that is available on a computer where kids draw sketches and paint them. One can draw simple or advanced drawings.

i) Communication Software- Now as the everyone uses internet communication applications are in great demand. Zoom, Skype, Webex, Google Meet, etc help in video conferencing.

j)     Browsers- This is the application software that helps to run the World Wide Web or we can say Internet. Microsoft Internet Explorer, Opera, Google Chrome, etc. area  few Browsers.

Application of Multimedia Technology in Libraries

The application of Multimedia Technology in Libraries has exponentially grew in recent

times. Multimedia Technology is one of the important components of Information

Technology. It is used in Libraries and Information Centers to make the services more

efficient. Its handling is not a matter of concern and dissemination of resources in

multimedia format is done easily. Information Technology helped us to deal with the

Information systems, Data Storage, Access, and retrieval process.

Multimedia Technology is a mixture of several forms like Text, Image, Visual, Graphics,

Audio or Video, etc. So all these media are combined together and form Multimedia

Technology. With the advancement of ICT, i.e. Information Communication Technology,

Multimedia is used in almost sectors. In Libraries, multimedia plays a major role and it

proved that it is very effective in education. As we are moving towards a paperless society

and so multimedia helps to bring all forms on a single platform.

Meaning of Multimedia

The term Multimedia was coined by Bobb Goldstein. He used Multimedia in his show "Light

Works at L'Oursin" at Southampton Long Island in July 1966. In late 1970, multimedia

was used for presentation which was done with the help of a projector and having an

audio track. In 1990 Computers were called Multimedia computers just because they had

a CD-ROM drive. The Keyboard had a volume control and so-called multimedia Keyboard.

Multimedia is the plural of medium, as lots of forms are incorporated together, which

makes it a powerful medium. It is a combination of two terms multi and medium. It

means multi forms of medium. We can say that by using multimedia, we can

communicate visually and verbally. Multimedia is a boon foreverybody and a great

invention in the field of Information and technology. These days Multimedia is the name

given for Digital Information. Digital information or multimedia is easily manipulated as

required.

Components of Multimedia 

One or more than one forms combined together to form a part of Multimedia application

Text

Multiple fonts are used with the help of computers to create beautiful Texts. Their

background is also changed, according to the theme. Thus it appears better than normal

text.

Graphics

These includes Images, pictures, graphs and charts. These things used in art works. These

images create a fascinating material.

Audio

These include speeches, music, and sound. The application of audio in any content

improvises it and thus liked by everyone.

Video

These include video clips, animated clips, or any movies, which makes any application an

excellent form, liked by everyone, and entertains them. These video clips are stored in

different forms.

Classification of Multimedia

Interactive Multimedia

A multimedia application is that, where the users participate at every stage. He can

comment and changes its features as required. Like Games, where a user plays along

with that application

Non Interactive Multimedia

It is just like presentation or movie where audience just watch.

Application of Multimedia in Libraries

Nowadays Multimedia resources are part of Library Collection. The acquisition of Non-

Book materials has increased with times and given the name of Multimedia Collection. It

is the integration of all the resources like Text, Image, Graphics, Animation, Audio, and

Video. It has attracted the users of Libraries towards Multimedia Collection. The Librarians

felt that these resources have led more users to the library.

Lots of Libraries are building their Multimedia Collections. These collections are in great

demand. It helps in the education sector where the teacher likes to use it while teachings.

These multimedia formats have a very positive impact on students' mind.they are able to

memorize for a longer period. Lancaster once told that there would be a virtual library. It

means a library without four walls.

Multimedia Courses are available for students in CD formats. Magazines and Journals

which are an important integral part of Libraries are now subscribed to in CD format or

Online. You can read, view, and listen simultaneously on your computer. The biggest

advantages that you are subscribing it Online and making it available on other terminals

for users.they can access simultaneously at different terminals.

Multimedia Technology provided a platform where it can be easily disseminated in a

networked environment. These days online courses are very popular where the teacher

sends video clips where the teacher is seen teaching on the blackboard in a class. you can

interact with them. Librarians are creating Blogs for the users where they get a list of E-

resources on their subject. They send the list which is hypertext, it leads to HyperMedia

information retrieval.

The users can get Multimedia collections available in digital formats in CVD formats or

World Wide Web. Reference Collection available in Multimedia Format are:

Multimedia Encyclopedias

Encyclopædia Britannica

Microsoft Encarta Multimedia Encyclopedia

Multimedia Dictionaries

Dictionary of Multimedia and Internet Applications: A Guide for Developers and Users

Macmillan Dictionary

Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary

Other Application of Multimedia

1. Information System

2. DataBases

3. newsPapers

4. Entertainment

5.Geographical information systems

6. Engineering Designs

7.Archival Systems

8.Seminar webinar and Workshops

9.Personal Communications like Email and Video conferencing

10.Kiosks for Libraries

11.Medical Information Systems

12.Multimedia Catalogues

13.Electronic Publishing

14.Self Learning Tools

Mtimedia Technology

Advantages of Multimedia in Libraries

1.Multimedia creates 3D effects in Reference Tools

2.It helps in accessing information by providing searching options

3.It provides HD quality of videos and audios.

4. It provides animated information

5.It helps in sharing of resources

6.Multimedia resources are user friendly

7.It helps in keeping information for longer periods in our minds

8.it is interesting and captivating

9.Multimedia increases learning efficiency

Disadvantages of Multimedia in Libraries

1. To set up multimedia Library, Lots of money is required.Libraries have very less budget

allotted.

2. Trained Staff is required to develop multimedia Library.

3.High Configuration systems required along with costly software required.

4.Converting into digital formats,sometimes damage documents.

5.Storage problem also arises. The storage medium corrupts sometimes,not able to read.

Conclusion

Applications of Multimedia Technology in Libraries has become necessary these days. Its

use will increase more in the future. The new software is being made in all fields,

especially Libraries are the most privileged sector to use Multimedia. Librarians are always

ready to welcome all the technologies which increase the efficiency of Libraries.

Users also get attracted to Libraries as their requirements and needs are taken care of.

They are given new services like multimedia resources are being made available to them.

Multimedia is very useful for Libraries. It helps to improve the existing services.

Selection of Library software

 

Factors for Selection and Evaluation of Library Automation Software:

1. Hardware and Operating System: The hardware required for implementing the software has to be decided in advance. The software required for running the software must be acquired. For example, Presently you are using Libsys Software, and it is running on Windows. Now you are switching from Libsys to Koha. Koha requires the Linux operating system.
2. Functions - Library automation software should perform functions like acquisition, cataloging, circulation, online public access Catalogue, serial control, etc. If the Internet is available, then WEB-OPAC.
3. System Features: The programming language that was used to develop the software also must be taken into consideration. Software developed in older programming languages like COBOL, BASIC, etc generally faces problems in its maintenance, upgrade, customization, etc. Availability of standalone/network version suitability of the software for any particular type of library, modules, etc. is to be taken into consideration.
4. Data Entry: The restriction in the total number of records in a database, the total number of databases the software can handle, MARC, CCF compatibility, facility for downloading data from external hosts and DVD ROM, databases, etc. are to be considered.
5. Performance: The search response time, search options, backup facilities, database security, and total performance of the system are to be considered.
6. Multi Script- One of the important factors that has to be considered is the facility for data entry in various scripts. Most of the libraries in India have collections in many languages, so ideal library software for Indian libraries should have multiple script acceptance.
7. Documentation - Documentation such as Manual, Instructions, Online support, etc. are very essential for using any library Software.It is necessary to examine to what extent the documentation is available and how is it for practical use.The manual must have a table of contents, glossary, index, examples, sample screen, etc.
8. Customer support - Customer support and Training other factors include cost of the system, ease of use, warranty, availability of updated versions, etc.

History of Internet

When you want to study about the Internet, you have to know about the History of

Internet. But before that, we will understand what is the internet? The term internet has

been coined from two terms, i.e., interconnection and network. A network is simply a

group of computers that are connected to sharing information and resources. Several

such networks have been joined together to form what is called the Internet.

The Internet is thus a network of networks. It refers to the vast collection of interconnected

networks that use the TCP/IP protocols and that evolved from the ARPANET. The Internet

is the world's largest computer network that enables computers of all kinds kinds to share

services and commercials.

Definition

The Federation National Council (FNC) in 1995 referred to the Internet as Global Information

System that (i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on

the Internet Protocol or its subsequent extensions; (ii) can support communications

using Transmission Control/Internet Protocol suite or its subsequent extensions and (iii)

provides, uses, or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high-level services layered

on the communication and related infrastructure.

History of the Internet

The history of the Internet can be traced back to 1957, when the Soviet Union launched its

the first satellite, Sputnik I, prompting then-United States President Dwight Eisenhower to

launch the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which took the  lead in the

technological race. DARPA's mission was to advance science and technology for military

applications.

The DARPA developed its first successful satellite in 18 months. By the end of 1960, it

began to focus on computer networking and communication technology required to

establish communication links between research centers and universities established

across the country as part of its overall mission.

ARPANET was commissioned in 1969 and by 1971 it had 15 nodes (connecting points) and

connecting point 23 hosts (two-way access to other computers has localhost number on

IP Address)

The Email was invented in 1972 by Ray Tomlinson to send messages across a distributed

network. In 1973, the first international connection to the evolving internet was

established at the University College of London and the Royal Radar Establishment

(Norway).

In the same year, DARPA implemented a research program to investigate techniques and

technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds based on the packet

switching to communicate across multiple, geographically dispersed locations.

The packet switching would split the data to be transmitted into tiny packets that can take

different routes to their destination. The interception of data traveling on the net in

packets would be difficult during the war. This internet project and the system of

Networks developed from the research were known as the Internet.

The system of protocols that was developed throughout this research is known as

TCP/IP Protocol Suite, after two protocols developed, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

and Internet Protocol (IP).

History of Internet Timeline

1969: On Oct. 29, The University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA's Network

Measurement Center, Stanford Research Institute (SRI), University of California-Santa

Barbara and the University of Utah install nodes. The first message was "LO," the first

initiative by student Charles Kline to "Log in" to the SRI computer from the university.

However, the message was not able to be received because the SRI system crashed.

1972: BBN's Ray Tomlinson, who was responsible for introducing network email. The

Internet Working Group (INWG) forms to address the requirement for establishing

standard protocols.

1973: The University College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment

(Norway) connect to ARPANET. The term internet was born after this achievement.

1974: The Telenet became first Internet Service Provider (ISP) with the introduction of a

commercial version of ARPANET.

1974: Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection."

which covers the design of TCP.

1976: Queen Elizabeth II presses the "send button" on her first email.

1979: USENET becomes the forum for hosting news and discussion groups.

1981: The National Science Foundation (NSF) established the Computer Science Network

(CSNET) to provide networking services to university computer scientists.

1982: The protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, emerged as the protocol for

ARPANET were Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP),

1983: The Domain Name System (DNS) provides the familiar.edu,.gov,.com,.mil.org,

net, and int system for naming websites.

1985: Symbolics.com, the website for Symbolics Computer Corp. in Massachusetts, USA

becomes the first to be a registered domain.

1989: The first commercial provider of dial-up access to the Internet was World.std.com.

1990: HyperText Markup Language (HTML) was developed by Tim Berners-Lee, a

scientist at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research.

1991: The World Wide Web was introduced by CERN to the public.

1993: The Mosaic Web browser was developed by Marc Andreessen at the University of

Illinois, Champaign-Urbana.

1994: Microsoft creates a Web browser for Windows 95 named Netscape

Communications.

1994: Jerry Yang and David Filo, two electrical engineering graduate students at

Stanford University creates Yahoo.

1995: Amazon.com, Craigslist, and eBay go live.Compuserve, America Online, and Prodigy

begin to provide Internet access.

1995: The first online dating site launched as Match.com.

1998: The Google search engine was born to create a revolution. It changed the way

users engage with the Internet.

1999: AOL buys Netscape. Peer-to-peer file sharing becomes a reality as Napster arrives

on the Internet, much to the displeasure of the music industry.

2003: The debut of MySpace, Skype, and the Safari Web browser.

2003: The launch of the WordPress blog publishing platform.

2004: Mozilla unveils the Mozilla Firefox browser. Facebook goes online and the new era of

social networking begins.

2005: The social news site Reddit is also founded. YouTube.com launches.

2006: Twitter is launched

2010: Pinterest and Instagram; the social media sites are launched.

2016: A voice-activated personal assistant program named Google Assistant is unveiled.

How to connect to the Internet

You need a computer

2. A modem and telephone line

3. An Internet browser (software) and software to connect you to the ISP

4. An account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Conclusion

Basically, this article is focused on the History of the Internet so lots of things related

to the Internet are omitted. The  Internet is a boon to all, especially academics and business

class. They are utilizing the Internet to achieve their respective goals.

 

Note:Image by Pete Linforth from Pixabay

Operating system Windows and Linux

Everybody uses Computers and Mobiles, but some people are aware of its operating

system. When you are selecting an Operating system, then you should know about the

difference between Windows and Linux. Windows and Linux are popular operating systems.

but after comparison, you get to know the benefits of it. The first thing you should

Know while buying a computer is its operating system.

List of some Operating Systems

1 . MS Windows

2.  Ubuntu

3.  Mac OS

4.  Fedora

5.  Debian

6.  Free BSD

7.  Chrome OS

8.  Cent OS

9.   Deepin

10. Debian

History of Windows and Linux

Microsoft developed an operating system named Windows. Windows was introduced

by Microsoft on Nov. 20, 1985. It was a part of the Disk Operating System (DOS). Apple's

Macintosh was a very popular Operating System at the time, as it introduced GUI (Graphic

User Interface). Microsoft company owner Bill Gates bundled Windows 1 with DOS but got

success with Windows 3. It was released in 1990 and had a GUI interface. Microsoft released

Windows 95 in 1995. This brought huge success and became very popular.

Computers started coming with a pre-installed operating system with Windows. Window's

Success was due to its features, like being user-friendly and easy to understand. Microsoft's first

server was released in 1993 under the Windows NT name. The market share of the Windows

Operating system in August 2020 is 35.43%, whereas Android is having 39.23% and

Linux has 0.85%.

Windows 10, was released on March 10, 2020. According to the Microsoft website, the latest versions are 1903-OS Build 18362.719 and 1909-OS Build 18363.719. The latest version is Windows 11, released in 2024.

Another Operating system named Linux was created in 1991 by Finnish software engineer

Linus Torvalds. He created this system similar to MINIX, a Unix operating system. This

software was developed as a part of the GNU project licensed under the GNU General

Public License, which is a free software license. The first first release of the Linux kernel was

Linux 0.01

In the Linux operating system, the version is not used. The term distribution is used as

an entity like Ubutu or Debian. As you know, the Linux kernel is free open-source software. 

Developers use this software and create their own operating system, so it is called

the distribution of the Linux kernel. There is a version of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 20.04 LTS, which was

released on April 23, 2020. There is a community of Linux that keeps

on updating and developing Linux-based software.

Latest Edition of Linux.

Released on July 25, 2024, Linux Mint 22 "Wilma" is the most recent version of the operating system. Support for it will last until 2029.

Three editions of Linux Mint are available:
Cinnamon Edition: The most widely used version, the has a sleek, contemporary appearance.
Xfce Edition: A thin desktop environment that consumes less power than A hint of cinnamon
MATE Edition: A continuation of GNOME 2, which is a traditional desktop environment.

Other well-known Linux distributions consist of:
Lubuntu 24.04 is the most recent version.
Mageia: Mageia 8 is the most recent version.
Manjaro: Manjaro 22.1 (Talos) is the most recent version.

Linux is based on the UNIX operating system. Its source code can be easily modified and used

as per requirements. The best feature which attracts users is security and stability.

world's Best Companies use Linux Operating System like Oracle, Novell, Redhat, Google,

IBM, Facebook, Amazon, Dell, Samsung, etc.

Features of Windows 10

Start Menu Returns

The start menu is back in Windows 10 on the left side as usual but you will get to see Apps

installed on another panel.

Cortana on Desktop

Microsoft has brought a voice-controlled digital assistant to help you use a computer

without touching it.

Xbox App

Windows 10 will let you play Xbox App games on your PC. It supports this game with a high

speed and graphics.

Project Spartan Browser

This feature includes PDF support. It also has a reading mode, which is suitable for

reading long articles, and you can take notes also. You can put comments on your social

network chat via a slide-in menu, and this is done without minimizing the browser.

Improved Multitasking

This is a new amazing feature. You can view all the web pages together on a screen. You can

Track all the web pages that are opened at that time or running. There is a Task View

button on the taskbar.

Universal Apps

Microsoft has given a set of Universal apps with this Operating System, like

Photos, video, music, maps, people, messaging, mail, and calendars. All these apps will function

the same way, and contents will synced via Microsoft's cloud service.

Office Apps Get Touch Support

A new version of Office apps including MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, and MS Outlook

will be provided. The touch-first interface will be given across phones, tablets, and PCs.

Continuum

This is a hybrid form of computer. When you detach the keyboard then the keyboard appears on

screen like a tablet.

Action Center

All the notifications from all the apps will appear at a centralized place called Action

Center.

Brief Features of Windows 11

Released on October 5, 2021, Windows 11 is the most recent major version of Microsoft's Windows NT operating system. Any Windows 10 device that satisfies the updated Windows 11 system requirements can download it for free. It replaced Windows 10 (2015). 

Windows 11 is the most recent version, and the 2024  last update prioritizes energy efficiency, productivity, accessibility, and connectivity.

Connectivity: To improve connectivity, Wi-Fi 7 was released.

Productivity: To increase productivity, new quick settings have been added.

Accessibility: Support for sophisticated assistive hearing aids has been enhanced.

Energy-saving: New features are added to prolong battery life and lower energy usage.

Security: To guarantee a more dependable and secure experience, security has been stepped up.

Difference Between Windows and Linux

Multimedia and Productivity Applications

Windows and Linux operating systems are very rich in multimedia applications. The best

Part of Linux is that applications are freely available. But in Windows, you have to buy the

software. The cost is also high.

Games

There are lots of games available for Windows, but you have to purchase them. Most of the

games support Windows and so they are first released for Windows. Some games are

available for Linux but are difficult to set up and run.

Threats and Security

Every user of Windows at some point may face security problems. Windows is the most

used operating system, and so it is targeted by hackers and spammers. So users have to

buy Antivirus for their computers and if it is a server, the server version of antivirus is

installed. It is a safe method for every user; they should purchase an antivirus as soon as

possible so that their system doesn't get corrupted, and lastly, the OS crashes.

Linux is safe as compared to Windows. There is a community of developers working

constantly and they update it frequently Linux is mostly a multi-user Operating system

and is on network version and so gets easily updated, whereas Windows is mostly single

user and people don't update it frequently.

Cost Comparison

Windows gets more costly when buying for institutional purposes as the Organisation has

to purchase a site license copy. However, in developing countries, a free site license can be

acquired from Microsoft. Whereas Linux organizations obtain one copy, and that is

installed in all the systems of that organization.

Market Share

The market share of the Windows Operating system in August 2020 was 35.43%, whereas

Android has 39.23% and Linux has 0.85%. These data have been mentioned with 

reference to the StatCounter website.

Ease of Use

Linux is not very easy to use. It requires in-depth knowledge and practice to handle it. Some

Distributions such as Ubuntu and Linux are designed for better use. Whereas Windows is

very easy to use. It is user-friendly and simple to use.

Support

Online Support is available for Linux, as there is a big community of developers who are

constantly engaged in productivity and ready to help you. Whereas Windows

Support is also available through the Microsoft site.

Conclusion

Both operating systems are important. My opinion is that if you are using

Windows, then buy the original original operating system. Don't go for pirated Windows OS. It will

harm your computer in the future. It is easily detected at some point in time. So far Linux is

Concerned, everything is fine since it is free software. But when you are using

Windows, be careful; only use genuine software. It detects all fake licenses.

Windows is a household name everywhere because of its user-friendly application. If follow

All the norms and windows will surely serve you for a longer period. The people who use their

computers roughly without anti-virus, their systems get crashed. So take care of your

system.

 

Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay