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The Sears List of Subject Headings is a controlled vocabulary and a widely used tool in libraries for subject cataloging. It provides standardized terms (subject headings) that can be assigned to library materials to describe their content in a consistent and accurate manner. The goal is to facilitate efficient subject-based searching and retrieval of information.
Steps for Assigning Subject Headings Using Sears List of Subject Headings
1. Identify the Main Subject of the Work:
Begin by carefully analyzing the work (book, article, audio-visual material, etc.) to determine its primary subject or topic.
This involves reading the title, introduction, and key sections of the material to understand its content. You may also use an abstract or summary if available.
Example: If the material is about the history of the Civil War in the United States, the main subject could be "United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865".
2. Consult the Sears List:
Refer to the Sears List of Subject Headings to find the most appropriate subject headings for the work. The list is organized alphabetically and provides terms for various subjects, along with their scope notes and usage guidelines.
Each subject heading in the Sears List typically includes:
The heading itself (e.g., "Civil War, 1861-1865").
Scope notes explaining how the heading should be used.
Broader terms (e.g., "United States—History") and narrower terms (e.g., "Confederate States of America—History").
See also references, which guide the cataloger to related subjects.
3. Select the Most Appropriate Heading:
Choose the most specific subject heading that best represents the work's content. It should be directly related to the material's theme and be as specific as possible.
If the heading is too general or too specific, you may need to adjust your choice based on the content of the work.
Example: If the material discusses the battle of Gettysburg, a more specific subject heading could be "Gettysburg, Battle of, Gettysburg, Pa., 1863".
4. Check for Hierarchical Relationships:
Broader and narrower terms should be checked to ensure the chosen heading is part of an appropriate hierarchical structure.
If needed, include broader terms (general categories) to give users access to related works.
Example: For a work on "Gettysburg, Battle of", you might include broader terms like "United States—History—Civil War, 1861-1865" to make the work accessible to users interested in the general history of the Civil War.
5. Use Cross-References:
The Sears List includes “See” and “See Also” references that guide the cataloger to other headings. This is particularly useful if a heading is synonymous with or related to another term.
Example: If you are cataloging a work on the Confederate Army, the Sears List might suggest a "See also" reference for "Confederate States of America—Army".
6. Verify Usage Guidelines:
For certain topics, the Sears List provides specific usage notes or guidelines. It’s important to follow these instructions to ensure consistency.
Example: If the list suggests using the term "Civil War, 1861-1865" rather than "American Civil War", ensure that the cataloging adheres to this guideline.
7. Assign Additional Subject Headings if Necessary:
In some cases, the work may cover multiple topics. Assign additional subject headings to represent these different aspects of the content.
For example, if a book on the Civil War also covers the role of women during the war, you may assign a second heading: "Women—United States—History—Civil War, 1861-1865".
8. Check for Recent Updates (if applicable):
The Sears List is regularly updated. If a new edition is available or if there have been recent changes in subject terms or preferred vocabulary, make sure to consult the most up-to-date version.
Example of Assigning Subject Headings Using Sears List
Let’s say you are cataloging a book titled "The Impact of the Civil War on the Economy of the Southern States". The steps to assign subject headings are:
1. Identify the Main Subject:
The main subject of this book is likely the economic impact of the Civil War on the Southern United States.
2. Consult the Sears List:
Look for terms like "Civil War," "Economy," "Southern States," and their related headings in the Sears List.
3. Select the Appropriate Headings:
"United States—History—Civil War, 1861-1865": The broader subject heading for works on the Civil War.
"Economics—Southern States—History—Civil War, 1861-1865": A more specific heading focused on the economic aspect of the Southern states during the Civil War.
4. Check Hierarchical Relationships:
Ensure that both headings are appropriate in the context of the work. You could consider adding "United States—History—Civil War, 1861-1865" as a broader term for the economic study, depending on the scope of the material.
5. Cross-References:
If necessary, cross-reference with "Southern States—Economic Conditions" if that term is also relevant.
6. Assign Additional Headings (if needed):
If the book discusses other aspects, like social issues or agriculture, additional subject headings might be required.
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Conclusion
Assigning subject headings using the Sears List of Subject Headings follows a structured process that ensures materials are cataloged in a consistent, precise manner. The list provides an easy way to organize and retrieve information by using a controlled vocabulary of terms, offering clarity and uniformity across library catalogs. The cataloger’s job is to select the most appropriate, specific headings based on the content of the work, following the guidelines and scope notes provided in the Sears List. By doing so, users will be able to find relevant materials with minimal effort.
.png "Principles & Objectives of Subject Cataloguing")
.png "Types of Entries according to AACR-II & Data elements in Different types of Entries")
