Programming Languages of Computer

 

Programming Languages: Types and  Characteristics

A computer is a machine and it understands its machine language. If you want to make computer function, then you have to create a programme so that it can understand and perform. It can’t perform a single task without any command. It cannot provide any solution for any problem without the instruction. These instructions are called programme. These programme help computer in solving our problems. So the main thing is programme here, which is also called set of instructions, these instructions are in machine language which computer understands and then performs.

Take example of dictionary. If you are creating a software titled Dictionary. Then you have to programme in that way that when you search a word for its meaning, the meaning is retrieved. So it solves our query. So these applications are programmed in such a way that our works get easier. Another example is calculator. When you are doing shopping and you brings out mobile and search calculator app. Here you add all the billing together and gets results within seconds. So this remarkable things is done because of its programming.

So now you must have understood the meaning of Programming. The writing of program is also called programming. Computer does not understand natural language like English, Hindi, Bengali, etc. To communicate with computer we have to provide instructions or commands which it understands. Learning a computer language means you have to know about symbols, words and rules of the language. Every language is developed for specific application. There are lots of languages meant for programming.

You can categorise programming in two types:

1.      System Programme

2.      Application Programme       

Now I will describe it for better understanding.

1.      System Programme : You can’t even on your computer without system programme. It’s of no use. So you can understand its importance. For example, when there is operation system installed then only your computer starts. The Operating system is itself a system programme. It is programmed in such a way that the computer starts functioning. This operating system controls input, output devices, memory, processor, etc. So the programming is done so that all these hardware can function according to requirement. For Example there is C language. It is used especially to develop system software.

2.      Application Programme: These programmes are done according to the requirement. You are working somewhere and you need specific software to deal that particular work. Now you talk to developer and make him understand your requirement. They will make a application by programming in such a way that you can now do work as u thought. For Example I am a librarian; I work in Library and want software to automate library services. They will do programming and make software, where you can retrieve any information.

Now I will discuss Types of Programming:

One thing you can get in mind why we do different types of programming. See we create lots of applications these days. Every application needs different types of language for programming. As you know some applications are for calculating, retrieval, database, engineering, drawing, report generation, designing web page, graphics, etc.  So every application requires different programming.

1.      Procedural Language: Programming is written in such a way that statements are written in sequence so that you can manipulate data item and change the contents of memory cells. This is called Procedural Language. The basic operation of these languages is used for storing and retrieving data values.

                           i.          FORTRAN – The FORTRAN word is derived from Formula Translation. You must have got its meaning as the name suggests that the FORTRAN language is about Formula. It is used in making the application for engineering where formulas are used. Its first version was used in 1957. FORTRAN is also called as first high level language. FORTRAN is suitable for programmings that are based on mathematical or computational oriented.

                          ii.          COBOL – It is derived from Common Business Oriented Language. It was programmed in such a way to serve the Business requirements. For example, to manage inventories and payrolls. So here the programming is done to generate reports related to business profession. The Master files are programmed in such a way that it gets updated from time to time automatically. The master files have all the important records related to business like the items details and their manufacturers. How much quantity is left and required. So COBOL is used to make this sort of application which gives output results quickly.

                         iii.          PASCAL - This programming language PASCAL is named after Blaise Pascal, who invented Pascaline calculator. This language main motive was design and implement good programming techniques. It’s easy to read and learn syntax. Delphi uses this programming language to develop windows based applications like graphical user interface. PASCAL is not much used as commercial language.

                         iv.          C – It was developed in early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Laboratories. It was developed for doing system programming. UNIX was the operating system which was written in C. It is very popular programming language.Firstly because of relationship with UNIX and other reason is its speed. The speed is very good to develop and execute any application. The important feature of C is that it provides data type called pointer. These pointers are used in the areas of writing system programming, operating systems, assemblers and it helps to communicate with input and output devices. It is widely used for general programming also.

2.      Object Oriented Programming – This language was started by Alan Kay’s work at Xerox Palo Alto Research centre in early 1970s. The main concept of this language is to divide the major task into sub task. For example we have library system. It has modules like Acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, etc. Each object is an example of a task performed in library system.

   JAVA – This programming language is used to develop World Wide Web. Java programme is done in such a way that it can fetch data across the web easily just like data accessing from a local system.JAVA has the following features like it is object oriented, simple, distributed, interpreted, secure, robust, high performance, and dynamic language. By using JAVA you can do multithreading. It means that it can perform multiple tasks at the same time.

3. Special Purpose Languages – Now we will discuss the special purpose languages designed for special application or task. It is in contrast to procedural language which is general purpose language. These special purpose languages are very popular because of their application.

i.                 Structured Query Language – As you know that SQL is designed for the purpose of creating database. The database is the collections of related information and very necessary for a organization. The database is updated time to time as new information is being stored and users retrieve that information when required. The information is stored in central servers and can be accessed by different clients on network. For example, A library database have all the details about a book. Its author name, title, publisher, year of publication, etc. The queries are done to retrieve the information. So such queries are framed with the help of SQL. If I need a book of KHURMI, author of a book. The query will bring results of all the books written by KHURMI.

ii.                Practical Extraction and Report Language (PERL) – It is designed to scan arbitrary text files; extract various kinds of information within the text files. Perl uses advanced pattern matching techniques to speed up the scanning process of large amounts of data.

iii.               Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). The language used to create HTML documents is seen with the help of web browser. These are called web pages. There are special characters used in HTML known as tags, which are used for formatting. These are called as source code which is modified to bring the desired results like special effects. These tags are closed in brackets and come in pair (<>).

 

Characteristics of a Good Programming Language

There are many programming Languages which were developed. Some are very popular and some are not so popular, even they are powerful. There might be many other reasons for the popularity of that programming language but one may be the characteristics of it. Some of the characteristics of programming language are:

                           i.          Simplicity – A good programming language must be simple and easy to use. It should provide with a clear and unified set of concepts which could be easily learned. It should be easy to develop and implement. The language written in simple language is easy to maintain.

                          ii.          Naturalness – A good language application design should look natural. It should provide reasonable operators, data structures and control structures in order to facilitate the users to code easily and efficiently.

                         iii.          Efficiency – The program in good language are translated efficiently in machine code. They are executed properly. It uses little space also.

                         iv.          Structuredness – The language should allow the users to write their programs based on the concept of structured programming. It helps during programming .as such that the problems are looked logically and less error are created during writing a programme.

                          v.          Locality – A good programming language stops a programmer to jump around visually as the text is prepared. This helps him concentrate on programming.

                         vi.          Extensibility – A good programming language should allow the extension mechanism. Some language are weak in this aspect.

                       vii.          Abstraction – It means that while programming, complicated structures can be ignored.

 

 

 

 

 

How to face interview for the First Time ?

After completion or in the midst of completing course you have to apply for the job. The main motive after studies is that you have to do something to earn your bread. Some one who are born with golden spoon .They don't have to struggle for job. Their parents have already a settled business. He just have to join and nothing much to do. Their parents are there to take decision for the company and in this while he learns  how to handle the tricky issues. But those children whose father is doing service, have to study and find a suitable job to settle down in life. You have to keep in mind that only your knowledge will let you a good job. After completing your qualifying examination you have to make a good resume.

Read this article for writing a good Resume.

Interview Session in Progress

When you receives a letter of interview , you get nervous that how you will face interview. Keep in mind that this is a great opportunity and you are not going to miss it. Now I am going to mention below the  tips :

1. Check the Website : You have to check the website of the company or organisation. Look about the details how its function. Who are associated with that  company. Lots of fake companies are putting advertisements. Now check what services do it provides to their clients. Which companies are their clients ? If you got a letter for the post of Librarian? Check which library software they are using ? Which software for institutional repository they are using ? You will get idea about the library and its services. You will now train yourself for that interview. Get information about that software.How it works ? So learn better about those things which you think valuable for that interview. 
2. Prepare your Dress for interview : Make ready a pair of dress for your interview. You should look like a professional. You can't go in a jeans or party shirt. That will make a negative impression because of your dress. Dress makes or breaks  impression. It will give a message of non seriousness attitude to the hiring manager. It should have a formal uniform. Wear a simple dress like a plain white or light blue shirt with dark blue or black trousers. Wear a tie that will look like a professional. Wear a black belt and black leather well polished shoes. The girls should also wear white shirt and dark skirt for western outfit. In Indian scenario you wear simple salwar kameez or sari. Simple dress is more dressed in corporate and service sector.So it is necessary that you take proper care of your dress.
3.  Photocopy all your Certificates - Sometimes it is walk in interview and so you have not sent any documents before. You photocopy all documents and then keep in a file. The sequence should be like the qualifying documents should be on top. If you are not keeping it in order than you are going to face trouble of searching. At times if you are in hurry you don't find right document at right time. Resume copy is very necessary .Make a habit of taking two copies of each document. Keep in file Original as well as photocopies separately. Keep a set of two or three passport size photos. You should carry stapler along with its pin and fevicol for pasting photograph. You will  be provided a form at the place of interview to fill your details and staple your documents. Photo have to be pasted there.
4. Visit the Venue one day before- If you are outsider, I mean from other city, then visit the interview venue one day before. From this you will get idea , about how much time it will take to reach that place. Which will be good for you , a car or bus to reach that place. You will the prepare yourself by calculating that time. You will not be late in reaching that place. Even you can miss interview for coming late.
5. Inform at the Reception Desk about your visit - Whenever you reach the interview spot , you inform at the reception that you have come for interview. They will give you form or inform the hiring manager. Sometimes people go and sit there without informing. Sometimes happen that you have not put your details at the venue's register. The formalities have to be done.
6. Body Language - Your body language is an important factor in deciding that you are fit for that job. If you are nervous , then whole preparation goes in vain. you have sweat on your forehead and palms. The hiring manager are experienced , they notice how you enters into the room. Your gesture are enough to tell you are confident or nervous. How you wish them ? How you sit at the chair? Do you took permission to sit on the chair ? Eye Contact is important factor. If one experts ask some question , you have to answer seeing all the experts. Don't neglect other experts of the panellist. If you are having eye contact with each and every experts this will have positive affects. It shows you are confident and well mannered.You can handle stressful moments at the work place. 
7. How Questions are to  be  Answered- When questions are put, give relevant answers. Don't make story. The experts know who are making stories. What ever you have mentioned in Resume, you should know it. On trick you can do is that when you are explaining any topic like how library software works in libraries, at that you can name a company that handles these works and stop it. Then the expert will ask about that company and which software you were talking. what are the features and cost. In which way it is going to help in proving library services ? So you can turn your interview in your court. You should know the latest trends of that field. If you don't know any question just ask them excuse for that move on. Don't give wrong answer and try to convince experts. Brush your basic concepts and that will give good results. Be polite with the panellist. Have a smile on your face while answering questions.
8. Never talk about previous company's conflict - You don't talk about the misadventures of your previous employer. This will give bad impression about you. They will think you are the person who creates conflict. So don't talk about any negative issues. Give some good reasons why you are leaving that company and intend to join this company. 

Create your Resume in minutes

Resume is a French word having the meaning "Summary". It is about details of education, experiences, and employment. It is around two pages. Another is Curriculum Vitae which is a Latin word, meaning " Course of Life ". It has no limit of pages. Then another is Bio Data, which is given stress on personal details. It is generally used for matrimonial purposes.

A resume is a tool that is required when you are applying for a Job. It should be written properly so that the Recruiter gets to know about you in a detailed way. Whatever you have written, it should be true. A resume is a sort of advertisement of your skills. The HR manager gets to know what qualifications and experiences you have. Are you suitable for the required position? So Resume should be written in how all the skills, qualifications, and experiences are reflected at one glance. The resume should not be too lengthy nor it should be too short.

 I think a two-page Resume is suitable. It should be well-typed and have enough font size that it should be easily readable. I think a 12 or 14-size font is good enough to read. The font type which is officially used is Times Roman so it should be used to write Resume. You should stick a good picture on the right side of  Resume. It should be in formal dress and better to have a white background. For more details visit this website.

Now you have to write your Name and Contact details on the left side of your Resume. The Contact details include Mobile Number and Email ID. Both the information is very important as if these have any mistake HR will not able to contact you. Don't give anybody else a mobile number like your father or brother. It should be your number and in working condition. The same is also for email IDs. Check your email before sending in your resume. I am putting stress on these two things as it is the medium to communicate between you and HR.

Now I am going to discuss the following  relevant points that should be written in my Resume :

1. Job Objective - Whenever you are applying, understand the position name. You have to mention the position name you are applying for. You can write appealingly and that could attract HR's attention. It should be a catchy line. It means you are advertising through that line or tag. 
2. Professional Experience -  Those who are fresher, can give the details of the Internship.From where you did do the internship and what was the duration of the internship. The experienced person can give information like when he joined that institution? which post he was working there? You can mention the name and the website of that institution. You can also mention from where that institute is affiliated? You can mention the address of that institution this information is required as it makes clarity of your position where you are working presently or where you have worked. Mention all the experiences giving a bullet or number. The current should be on top. 
3. Professional Test or Skills - You can mention information related to any national-level exam you have passed like the University Grants Commission conducts the National Eligibility Test or the State government conducts SET. So this information is relevant for acquiring the post you have applied for. If you don't have this information to write then you may write regarding professional skills. This information should be related to your profession. 
4. Professional Qualification - Now you have to write the information related to the course examination you have passed. First, write the examinations of the professional course then the regular courses result. The details should be like the course name, from which university, which year, which place, and percentage. The percentage should be accurate.
5. Academic Qualification - After professional writing information related to regular courses.The same way information will be written. The details should be like the course name, from which university, which year, which place, and percentage.
6. Professional Computer Training - Any computer course you have enrolled before. You have done a certificate or diploma course. These courses are valuable if that is relevant to your post.The Institute details and duration of course.
7. Project Undertaken - Everybody goes to do any project in the final year. That may be in the form of internship or some project. These projects are done under the supervision of a Guide. So mention the institute from where you did internship or project , Guide or Supervisor,Topic of the Project, Duration, etc.
8.  Professional Activities- Have you been a part of any team of the institution. Like sports, magazine committee, Debates, Yoga, Cricket, Placement Cell, Mentoring, etc. So you can mention these activities and any programmes you had conducted or part of it.
9. Conferences and Workshop- These are the parts of professional activities. By participating in Conferences and Workshop , you keep your self updated. You know what latest things are going in your profession.You mention the Institute name which is conducting, The Topic of Workshop, Duration ,dates , etc.
10. Webinars - You should participate in webinars. This helps you to gain know knowledge.You should mention details of Institution conducting programme, Topics and date of webinar.
11. Professional Membership -  You should be a member of any professional body which you are related. Mention the name of that organisation and where it exists.
12. Paper presented - You should mention the details of your paper you presented .The details of seminar like university, organisation,Topic of Paper , date ,etc
13. Publication Work - The publication part is also very necessary for your profession. Mention the name of Journal or Conference Proceedings , Issue No. Volume No. Date, Pagination , etc.
14. Personal Information - Mention the personal information .

• Name:
• Father's Name:
• Date of Birth :
• Marital Status :
• Gender:
• Nationality :
• Passport Details:
• Permanent Address :
• Correspondence Address :

    15. References - This is last and important part of Resume. This is a sort of Recommendation . He may be your Teacher, Worked under him, Professional friend, etc. You mention the Name , Position,Institution, Address, Mobile and Email details of  any one of your profession who knows well and in a good position. When you apply  in a company, HR tries to confirm the information by contacting your reference.

Online Newspapers and Magazines

Newspapers are an important medium of communication between people and the country. It is a powerful tool that provides information to people. It is a source of knowledge by which people create opinions after reading this. Editorial is the most valuable part of a Newspaper which is a critical review of certain topics. Newspapers just describe what is going on in our country daily. The newspaper craze has not lessened as it is easily available in e-paper format on their websites. Newspaper information is more reliable than television news. Newspaper publishing is one of the biggest and oldest industries in whole world. There are lots of people involved in newspaper publishing like, reporters, advertisements, Graphics, and management. Newspaper companies generate employment for lakhs of people. Lots of local news is not shown on television, that news also gets coverage in newspapers. 

 Newspaper is a tool to provide a primary source of Information. Newspaper is read by all ages but especially for elderly people who are living in cities, read newspapers as it is a part of their life. All students should make a habit of reading newspapers daily to improve their language vocabulary. Students of Hindi medium should read English newspapers to improve their English. Students will find new words and their usage in sentences. There are different sections in newspapers. 

There is information for all the people having different interests. Newspapers have an important role in democracy. It helps people to understand the political stand on a particular subject and what government is taking steps on that subject. Politicians give much importance to newspapers and have their own media channels and newspapers to propagate their ideologies and policies. Politician use newspapers for their publicity also. 

.Job seekers will get much benefit from reading newspapers as lots of job vacancies and advertisements are there. They can apply for jobs. Even forms and their formats are published. Results of recruitment are also published. Employment News is dedicated to government jobs.It is a must for job seekers. Competitive exams toppers interviews are also published and that inspires the students. It helps students to keep aware of current affairs and have updated information. For those preparing for Civil Service, reading newspapers is necessary for them.

 Almost all shopkeepers read newspapers as they read them and later their clients read it. The shopkeepers get to know the current rate of any product or the Government’s ruling on that particular product. They read it to keep themselves aware and can do business. Offices Political Analyst also read newspapers as it is the only source that is confirmed news. Television channels due to the competition of giving breaking news, they sometimes propagate fake news. So Experts read newspapers of leading companies. 

Newspaper gives coverage to all the topics and for all their readers. Political News, Sports News, Educational Admissions, Recruitment, Recipes, Health, etc. Newspaper gives latest and current information from local to whole world at this cheap price. Everybody should make it a habit to read daily. It will definitely boost your knowledge. It will prove to be very effective in the long run. The newspaper will keep you updated and you can debate based on your knowledge.

LIST OF ENGLISH ONLINE NEWSPAPERS
Serial No.	Newspaper	Website
1.	THE TIMES OF INDIA	https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
2.	HINDUSTAN TIMES	https://www.hindustantimes.com/
3.	THE HINDU	https://www.thehindu.com/
4.	THE ECONOMIC TIMES	https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/
5.	BUSINESS STANDARD	https://www.business-standard.com/
6.	THE TRIBUNE	https://www.tribuneindia.com/
7.	THE INDIAN EXPRESS	https://indianexpress.com/
8.	DECCAN HERALD	https://www.deccanherald.com/
9.	DECCAN CHRONICLE	https://www.deccanchronicle.com/
10.	THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS	https://www.newindianexpress.com/
11.	FINANCIAL EXPRESS	https://www.financialexpress.com/
12.	BANGALORE MIRROR	https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/
13.	CENTRAL CHRONICLE	https://www.centralchronicle.com/
14.	STAR OF MYSORE	https://starofmysore.com/
15.	THE STATESMAN	https://www.thestatesman.com/
16.	THE TELEGRAPH	https://www.telegraphindia.com/
17.	THE PIONEER	https://www.dailypioneer.com/
18.	THE ASIAN AGE	http://www.asianage.com/
19.	GREATER KASHMIR	https://www.greaterkashmir.com/
20.	HERALD	https://www.heraldgoa.in/index.php

LIST OF HINDI ONLINE NEWSPAPERS
1.	AMAR UJALA	https://www.amarujala.com/
2.	DAINIK JAGRAN	https://www.jagran.com/
3.	JANSATTA	https://www.jansatta.com/
4.	NAVABHARAT	http://epaper.navabharat.news/
5.	PUNJAB KESARI	https://www.punjabkesari.in/
6.	RAJASTHAN PATRIKA	https://www.patrika.com/rajasthan-news/
7.	DAINIK BHASKAR	https://www.bhaskar.com/
8.	HINDUSTAN	https://www.livehindustan.com/
9.	DAINIK NAVAJYOTI	https://epaper.navajyoti.net/
10.	PRABHAT KHABAR	https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/

LIST OF MAGAZINES
1	INDIA TODAY	https://www.indiatoday.in/	ENGLISH
2.	FILMFARE	https://www.filmfare.com/	ENGLISH
3.	BUSINESS TODAY	https://www.businesstoday.in/	ENGLISH
4.	COMPETITION REVIEW	https://www.competitionreview.in/	ENGLISH
5.	OUTLOOK INDIA	https://www.outlookindia.com/	ENGLISH
6.	FRONTLINE	https://frontline.thehindu.com/	ENGLISH
7.	PARTIYOGITA DARPAN	https://www.pdgroup.in/	HINDI
8.	GRIH SHOBHA	https://www.grihshobha.in/	HINDI
9.	FORBES INDIA	https://www.forbesindia.com/	ENGLISH
10.	THE WEEK	https://www.theweek.in/home.html	ENGLISH
11.	TINKLE	http://tinkleonline.com/	ENGLISH
12.	CHAMPAK	http://www.champak.in/	ENGLISH
13.	PC QUEST	https://www.pcquest.com/	ENGLISH
14.	CHANDAMAMA	https://www.chandamama.in/english/	ENGLISH
15.	DATA QUEST	https://www.dqindia.com/	ENGLISH
16.	BETTER INTERIORS	http://www.betterinteriors.in/	ENGLISH
17.	DIGIT	https://www.digit.in/	ENGLISH
18.	OVERDRIVE	http://overdrive.in/tags/overdrive-magazine/	ENGLISH
19.	BUSINESS WORLD	http://www.businessworld.in/	ENGLISH
20.	SWARAJYA	https://swarajyamag.com/	ENGLISH

"2008-05-30 Tahoe Daily Tribune Screenshot" by ScottSchrantz is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0