Operating system Windows and Linux

Everybody uses Computers and Mobiles, but some people are aware of its operating

system. When you are selecting an Operating system, then you should know about the

difference between Windows and Linux. Windows and Linux are popular operating systems.

but after comparison, you get to know the benefits of it. The first thing you should

Know while buying a computer is its operating system.

List of some Operating Systems

1 . MS Windows

2.  Ubuntu

3.  Mac OS

4.  Fedora

5.  Debian

6.  Free BSD

7.  Chrome OS

8.  Cent OS

9.   Deepin

10. Debian

History of Windows and Linux

Microsoft developed an operating system named Windows. Windows was introduced

by Microsoft on Nov. 20, 1985. It was a part of the Disk Operating System (DOS). Apple's

Macintosh was a very popular Operating System at the time, as it introduced GUI (Graphic

User Interface). Microsoft company owner Bill Gates bundled Windows 1 with DOS but got

success with Windows 3. It was released in 1990 and had a GUI interface. Microsoft released

Windows 95 in 1995. This brought huge success and became very popular.

Computers started coming with a pre-installed operating system with Windows. Window's

Success was due to its features, like being user-friendly and easy to understand. Microsoft's first

server was released in 1993 under the Windows NT name. The market share of the Windows

Operating system in August 2020 is 35.43%, whereas Android is having 39.23% and

Linux has 0.85%.

Windows 10, was released on March 10, 2020. According to the Microsoft website, the latest versions are 1903-OS Build 18362.719 and 1909-OS Build 18363.719. The latest version is Windows 11, released in 2024.

Another Operating system named Linux was created in 1991 by Finnish software engineer

Linus Torvalds. He created this system similar to MINIX, a Unix operating system. This

software was developed as a part of the GNU project licensed under the GNU General

Public License, which is a free software license. The first first release of the Linux kernel was

Linux 0.01

In the Linux operating system, the version is not used. The term distribution is used as

an entity like Ubutu or Debian. As you know, the Linux kernel is free open-source software. 

Developers use this software and create their own operating system, so it is called

the distribution of the Linux kernel. There is a version of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 20.04 LTS, which was

released on April 23, 2020. There is a community of Linux that keeps

on updating and developing Linux-based software.

Latest Edition of Linux.

Released on July 25, 2024, Linux Mint 22 "Wilma" is the most recent version of the operating system. Support for it will last until 2029.

Three editions of Linux Mint are available:
Cinnamon Edition: The most widely used version, the has a sleek, contemporary appearance.
Xfce Edition: A thin desktop environment that consumes less power than A hint of cinnamon
MATE Edition: A continuation of GNOME 2, which is a traditional desktop environment.

Other well-known Linux distributions consist of:
Lubuntu 24.04 is the most recent version.
Mageia: Mageia 8 is the most recent version.
Manjaro: Manjaro 22.1 (Talos) is the most recent version.

Linux is based on the UNIX operating system. Its source code can be easily modified and used

as per requirements. The best feature which attracts users is security and stability.

world's Best Companies use Linux Operating System like Oracle, Novell, Redhat, Google,

IBM, Facebook, Amazon, Dell, Samsung, etc.

Features of Windows 10

Start Menu Returns

The start menu is back in Windows 10 on the left side as usual but you will get to see Apps

installed on another panel.

Cortana on Desktop

Microsoft has brought a voice-controlled digital assistant to help you use a computer

without touching it.

Xbox App

Windows 10 will let you play Xbox App games on your PC. It supports this game with a high

speed and graphics.

Project Spartan Browser

This feature includes PDF support. It also has a reading mode, which is suitable for

reading long articles, and you can take notes also. You can put comments on your social

network chat via a slide-in menu, and this is done without minimizing the browser.

Improved Multitasking

This is a new amazing feature. You can view all the web pages together on a screen. You can

Track all the web pages that are opened at that time or running. There is a Task View

button on the taskbar.

Universal Apps

Microsoft has given a set of Universal apps with this Operating System, like

Photos, video, music, maps, people, messaging, mail, and calendars. All these apps will function

the same way, and contents will synced via Microsoft's cloud service.

Office Apps Get Touch Support

A new version of Office apps including MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, and MS Outlook

will be provided. The touch-first interface will be given across phones, tablets, and PCs.

Continuum

This is a hybrid form of computer. When you detach the keyboard then the keyboard appears on

screen like a tablet.

Action Center

All the notifications from all the apps will appear at a centralized place called Action

Center.

Brief Features of Windows 11

Released on October 5, 2021, Windows 11 is the most recent major version of Microsoft's Windows NT operating system. Any Windows 10 device that satisfies the updated Windows 11 system requirements can download it for free. It replaced Windows 10 (2015). 

Windows 11 is the most recent version, and the 2024  last update prioritizes energy efficiency, productivity, accessibility, and connectivity.

Connectivity: To improve connectivity, Wi-Fi 7 was released.

Productivity: To increase productivity, new quick settings have been added.

Accessibility: Support for sophisticated assistive hearing aids has been enhanced.

Energy-saving: New features are added to prolong battery life and lower energy usage.

Security: To guarantee a more dependable and secure experience, security has been stepped up.

Difference Between Windows and Linux

Multimedia and Productivity Applications

Windows and Linux operating systems are very rich in multimedia applications. The best

Part of Linux is that applications are freely available. But in Windows, you have to buy the

software. The cost is also high.

Games

There are lots of games available for Windows, but you have to purchase them. Most of the

games support Windows and so they are first released for Windows. Some games are

available for Linux but are difficult to set up and run.

Threats and Security

Every user of Windows at some point may face security problems. Windows is the most

used operating system, and so it is targeted by hackers and spammers. So users have to

buy Antivirus for their computers and if it is a server, the server version of antivirus is

installed. It is a safe method for every user; they should purchase an antivirus as soon as

possible so that their system doesn't get corrupted, and lastly, the OS crashes.

Linux is safe as compared to Windows. There is a community of developers working

constantly and they update it frequently Linux is mostly a multi-user Operating system

and is on network version and so gets easily updated, whereas Windows is mostly single

user and people don't update it frequently.

Cost Comparison

Windows gets more costly when buying for institutional purposes as the Organisation has

to purchase a site license copy. However, in developing countries, a free site license can be

acquired from Microsoft. Whereas Linux organizations obtain one copy, and that is

installed in all the systems of that organization.

Market Share

The market share of the Windows Operating system in August 2020 was 35.43%, whereas

Android has 39.23% and Linux has 0.85%. These data have been mentioned with 

reference to the StatCounter website.

Ease of Use

Linux is not very easy to use. It requires in-depth knowledge and practice to handle it. Some

Distributions such as Ubuntu and Linux are designed for better use. Whereas Windows is

very easy to use. It is user-friendly and simple to use.

Support

Online Support is available for Linux, as there is a big community of developers who are

constantly engaged in productivity and ready to help you. Whereas Windows

Support is also available through the Microsoft site.

Conclusion

Both operating systems are important. My opinion is that if you are using

Windows, then buy the original original operating system. Don't go for pirated Windows OS. It will

harm your computer in the future. It is easily detected at some point in time. So far Linux is

Concerned, everything is fine since it is free software. But when you are using

Windows, be careful; only use genuine software. It detects all fake licenses.

Windows is a household name everywhere because of its user-friendly application. If follow

All the norms and windows will surely serve you for a longer period. The people who use their

computers roughly without anti-virus, their systems get crashed. So take care of your

system.

 

Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

Features of Email

Introduction of email

Email is part of our lives, so you must know its features. When you receive

messages in your inbox with the help of computers or mobile, then that is called

electronic email. You can send email without knowing the exact location of that person.

The person is connected through the network of that device; it may be a computer or

Mobile.

Every individual has their own mail inbox. The messages that are delivered are stored in

this Inbox. The message may be text, audio, or video format. Messages can be sent at

any time. You don't have to wait for the morning. The message can be sent to an

individual or group of persons at a single click. Email helps us to contact any person in the

world within a matter of seconds.

The first email message was sent in 1972 by a scientist named Ray Tomlinson. Email is

the most used service on the internet. You can't think of communication without email in

the corporate world. The features of email attract its users and are conveniently used all over

the world.

How Email Works on the Internet

The email has an address just like your postal address. This email address lets the server

know the destination of that message. The Internet email address is written like this:

user name@domain name. The user name should be unique. If anybody in this world has

that username, you will not get that username gain. You have to modify it. That username

identifies the recipient.

The domain name denotes the address. Many people can share the same domain name for

example Gmail. Lots of people have Gmail accounts. Email is received and sent through

Email Servers. So when you want to read or download attachments, it is done through

email servers.

Features of Email

First, you have to write the recipient username, then the subject, and then compose

(write) the message. Then click on the send button. The software handles the delivery.

The message is sent to the destination inbox. If the message is not delivered then a

A failure message comes in your inbox, stating the reasons for failure. You have to check

the email address, as most of the time, that is the reason for failure. Correct the address

and resend it.

Anatomy of an Email Message

To contain the recipient's email address. This is necessary to send an email. "CC" stands

for Carbon Copy. BCC stands for Blind Carbon Copy. These fields contain the email addresses

of other recipients. This is optional.

The subject contains the topic of the message in brief. It should not be lengthy, just a few

words. This subject is seen by recipients in the summary of incoming emails. The

attachment file name is seen by the recipients. You may know it is a pdf or JPG file. The body

contains the message.

Signatures

These features of email help the recipients know about the details of the sender. This feature

is at the end of the message. It is done by going into the setting. By word, signature, don't

Think that it is handwritten or signature scanned and uploaded. The signature feature is

mandatory in the corporate world.

It is just like a business card. The signature includes your Name, Title, and organization name

Address, mobile number, website, etc. You don't have to retype the information every

time you send the email.

Reading Email Messages

When you see the message in your Inbox, you see the sender's name and the

subject. Click on the summary of that message. After reading it these messages can

be organized in a folder. Sent mail is seen in the Sent box.

Replying Email Messages

The above picture will help you understand how to reply to the email message. Reply and

The forward button is there. The "To" and "Subject" fields are automatically filled in the

address of the sender.

Sending files as attachment

These features of email allow you to attach files of different formats. It may be

documents in Word or PDF format. It may be spreadsheets, pictures, audio, video clips, etc. To

attach a file Click on the attachment clip, looking like a paper clip. Select the file from the

location of your computer through the attachment window.

Opening Attachment

When you see the attachment file, then double-click it. It will be downloaded in your

download folder of your computer. You have to be cautious, as lots of attachments carry

viruses. So scan it before downloading. If you don't know the user or don't trust the sender

then delete the message as it may have a virus.

Managing your Messages

These features of email help in organizing the messages. You can create folders with

different names. For example, you can put all your jobs-related messages in the Jobs named

folder. So you can bring messages from any folder or Inbox where you want.

Managing your Addresses

These features of email help users make a contact list. In the address book, just record the

email address and other information of people whom we contact frequently. When you

want to send an email just put a few alphabets of the recipient's name and the name appears

there. So it makes it it easy to put recipients' email addresses. You won't have to type again and

again.

This saves time and helps us to avoid mistakes in email addresses. You can also create

a group of addresses with a name. When you select that name, then the message is sent

to all addresses automatically, having in that group. This is called a mailing list.

Advantages of Email

These are the important features of Email mentioned above which help users do

email conveniently. Email saves users their precious time, paper, and money. If you

Compare it with telephone or written letters, and you will find email far better. The important

feature of email is that you send anybody an email and he receives it instantly.

It allows you to communicate with a large number of people simultaneously. Email keeps a

record of all the messages you receive or send. There are lots of advantages to email. You

can Send documents, pictures, audio, and video messages combined in one email to one

individual or group.

Disadvantages of Email

Everything has two aspects. Here also there are a few disadvantages of email. Its message

lacks emotion. You can't judge the mental condition of the sender. Sometimes meanings of

Words are lost without verbal or visual clues. Another thing is that the email sent by

mistake also, can't be cancelled. Unwanted messages flood our inbox. These messages

are called spam.

Conclusion

Email is a boon for everybody. It helps users in all fields of the profession. Email keeps you

informed and updated. It helps in official and personal work. You should pay more

attention to the advantages of email. It is the fastest medium to send messages from one

place to another. Gmail is one of the largest providers of email in this world.

Features of Web Browsers

 

Concept of Web Browser

Browser, generally pronounced for Web Browser, is application software used by computers

to locate and access web pages. Features of Web Browsers help you to decide which web

browser is best for you. Web Browsers that allow us to view images, text, videos, and

Listen to the audio on different websites. The Browser sends signals to the web server and

requests for information. The web server receives the information and displays it on our

computer.

                                                            Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

Web Browser helps us to access the World Wide Web smoothly. All Web Browsers are not

created in the same language so all web pages are not displayed the same in

different browsers. Examples of Browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox,

Google Chrome, Opera, Netscape, etc.

Basic functions of the web browser

The function of the web browser is to provide the resources or information

to the user when asked by them.

It processes the user inputs in the form of URLs like https://www.google.com in the

browser and allows access to the page.

URL is used to identify the resources fetch them from the server and display it

to the client.

Web Browser allows the user to interact with the web pages and its contents.

Users navigate through the web pages and get to know its source code in the HTML

Format.

It provides security to the data and the resources that are available on the web that

is by using secure methods.

Features of Firefox

Browsing made Easy

web browser helps you to visit your favorite sites quickly, even if you don't remember the

URL address. You Type your term into the search location bar and the auto-complete

function will include possible matches from your browsing history and open tabs.

Tabs

Browse multiple sites at once, simply and easily. Each new website appears in a new tab.

If you accidentally close a tab or window, you can reopen it with one click. Just view Recently

Closed Tabs or Recently Closed Windows in the History menu and select the tab or window

you would like to open.

Password Manager

You are fed up with remembering and retyping your passwords every time you visit your

favorite website. Firefox has the option to remember passwords when you first login after

that Firefox takes care of the rest.

Easy Search

The Web is a big place but Firefox is ready to help you in finding whatever you are looking

for Search Box is located just to the right of your location bar. Select the Services of your

choice and enter your search box and it will prompt you with a drop-down of filled-in

suggestions.

Previous Restore Session

Session Restore brings back your windows and tabs. If your computer unexpectedly

closes, you don't have to spend time recovering data. Session restore will restore all the

tabs and sites you were using.

One Click Bookmarking

You have to click on the star icon at the end of the location bar and bookmark a site. You

Double-click and you will get an option to save it.

Download Manager

Download files securely. A pause and resume means you can stop and start anytime. The

the manager shows you the download progress.

Parental Controls

You activate parental control settings to stop unwanted downloads and browsing

unwanted websites. With this feature, you can protect children from accessing adult

websites.

Private Browsing

You can use a private window if you want to protect your browsing history. This feature is

great if you are doing your online banking on a shared computer or checking mail from an

Internet Café.

Anti-Virus Integration

Firefox integrates with your Windows antivirus software. At the time of downloading a file,

your computer antivirus software automatically checks it and protects your files against

viruses and malware.

Features of Internet Explorer

Tracking Protection

Internet Explorer has taken the lead in the privacy-related issue of tracking protection. Users can

adjust their block lists that recommend blocking. You can turn on Tracking Protection from

the safety menu.

HTML's Location

Microsoft has posted a demo that locates you. For Privacy, a warning notification let you

choose whether you want to share your location.

Tabs on their own row

The new design of Internet Explorer 9 helps in maximizing the space allotted to the web

page you are viewing. The browser allows you to give all your tabs their own row.

Repeat One Box Searches

IE 9 combines the address and search boxes into what Microsoft calls the "One Box.".

Less Intrusive Notifications

In IE9 notifications have moved to the bottom of the screen, whereas in IE8, these

Notifications were at the top bar of the window. Now if a non-essential notification appears

it will withdraw after a brief periods

RSS Feed Reader

Spending hours browsing the web for the latest news and updates, then instead adding an

RSS Feed icon to your toolbar and create feeds using an online web service. Feeds provide

updated website content that is subscribed.

Phishing Filter

You can send a list of suspicious Website addresses to Microsoft to check whether it

is a phishing website. This filter can be turned on for automatic website checking. About

70% of Social networking websites attempt to acquire information, passwords, and credit

card details! Phishing attacks target the bank's online payment. So this filters checks and

stops online crimes.

Best Investment Options

 

When a man starts earning, he is at a crossroads, not aware of the best investment options.

He was not taught about saving and investing money while he was a student at college or

university. Even parents are not aware of the best investment options and rely on

traditional investment tools. I think this investment part should be added somewhere in

the curriculum.

If you are saving money from an early age, then you are getting a longer period to invest

and can take risks while investing money. Some investing tools, like putting money in the

The stock market is risky, but at the same time, it gives maximum returns. But if you are over

fifty, then you can't take risks as you need money after retirement. So investing from an

early age makes it easy.

People are not aware of the best investment options and later on, realize the mistakes.

You can invest a little money in all tools so that it gets diversified. You should not invest all

your money in one place or in one tool rather diversify it. It makes your money safe and

fetches good returns. Now I will discuss the best investment options below.

This is one of the best investment options for investing money. It has an SIP plan. It is called

Systematic Investment Plan. Some Experts have their own full form of SIP as Sleep-in

Peace. They later explain that you need not worry about your investment. Once you have

opened an account in that Fund Office, they require a check for the first time later on from the next

Money will be deducted automatically from your bank account.

Mutual funds have two options. One is regular, and the other is direct. When you are busy or do not

know much about mutual funds, then, the agent visits your home or at your workplace

and explains about funds and fills out the form. Then that will be a regular fund where NAV, i.e.

Net asset value is a little lower than direct fund. You should opt for direct funds. It will give

better returns over a long period compared to the regular fund.

These days, you can open an account online if you have an online banking facility. It will give you

the freedom to access your account statements online. The interface of these mutual funds is

user-friendly and easy to access. You can download apps available from the Play Store.

Some Categories of Mutual Funds

Multi-Cap Funds: Experts allocate money in Large Cap, Mid Cap, and

Small Cap Stocks. So it is less risky compared to other categories of

funds.

Large Cap Funds: Experts allocate money in only Large Cap Stocks.

So it is less risky compared to other categories of funds.

Large and Mid Cap Funds: Experts allocate money in only Large Cap

and Mid Cap Stocks So it is less risky compared to other categories of

funds.

Mid Cap Funds: Experts allocate money in only Mid Cap Stocks So it is

risky compared to other categories of funds.

Small Cap Funds: Experts allocate money to small-cap stocks. So it is

very risky compared to other categories of funds.

ELSS Funds: Experts allocate money in Large Cap, Mid Cap,and Small

Cap Funds. So it is less risky compared to other categories of funds. It is

basically an instrument for tax saving.

Sectoral Funds: Experts allocate money in particular sector stocks like

Banking, Health, Infrastructure, Information Technology, etc. So it is risky

compared to other categories of funds. Sector funds run phase-wise.

A fixed deposit or in short, it is called FD, is one of the best investment options.

instruments offered by banks and non-banking finance companies (NBFCs). In Fixed

Deposit: you have to invest a set amount for a particular time and get a fixed interest rate.

You are aware at the time of investing what interest rate you will get and how much

money you will receive at the time of maturity. So this is for those people who want a

secure way of generating money. This is the best investment option for an elderly person

or senior citizen who is not in a condition to take the risk.

Benefits of Fixed Deposits

Assured Returns

It assures you that whatever the problem lies with the economy or how the economy

performs, you need not have any fear or doubt as you will get the interest assured at the

time of submitting money for investment.

Surety at Maturity

The money put for investment depends on the time of investment. It can be annually or

for two, three or five years. The period is in your hands. The interest will be given after

the completion of tenure.

Faster Growth with Compound Interest

Compounding of money is magic, which helps in the growth of money. You get interest on

the amount invested. Then that interest adds to your previous amount and you will get

interest on the added amount. This helps accumulate your target amount.

Higher Rates for Senior Citizens

Some banks, especially government banks, offer Senior citizens more interest than the

common man. This special treatment is given as the government knows that he can't

work anymore, and that amount is his life's saving. He is dependent on that money.

How to Develop Presentation Skills

 

Every student, especially those pursuing professional courses, must develop presentation skills

but all of them must learn. How to give an effective presentation. In a wider term, you can

say that it is a speech, and it can be given anywhere, maybe an Office, Class, Workshop,

Seminar, webinar, etc.

But for an effective presentation, you have to make step-by-step planning and preparation.

The audience who has come to listen to you at your presentation should be satisfied. In

this article, you will get to know how an effective presentation is given.

Main Elements of Presentation

In general terms, you can say that a presentation is a way to communicate your thoughts

and share your views. Now I am going to discuss the following elements of the

Presentation.

Context

The main thing for the presentation is that you have to finalize a Topic. Now you have to

collect information on that topic. Now you have to know where and on which occasion you

are going to do a presentation. You have to be mentally prepared for it. Doing a

presentation in a small room with a few audience is easy but when it is in a large hall, it

seems different.

You have to see that, you are familiar with the place and audience. You visit early at the

venue of the presentation so that you can familiarize yourself with the place and setting of

the stage. The audience group also matters. There should be some audience to cheer you

and for that, you have to build rapport with them. You have to see what types of equipment are

available there and what you are going to use.

Presenter

The main task of the Presenter is to communicate with the audience. You have to interact

with them while doing the presentation otherwise they may lose interest. You have to

keep tracking their moods.

Audience

The audience is the end-user. Whatever the presentation is organized, the audience

feedback will tell you that it was a success or a flop show. It is better to have a

targeted audience so that they may be from the same professional background or

have some bent of mind towards that topic. The audience's knowledge also

matters, how they perceive the presentation and understand it.

Message

The information which is delivered to the audience at the presentation. The message

conveyed to the audience is not just words but through body language also. The audience's

expectation also matters when they perceive the message. You have to check, whether

you performed up to their expectation.

Reaction

The success of your presentation depends on how you interact and communicate your

message to the audience. If people have lots of expectations from you and you do not

meet their expectations then somewhere the reaction of the audience will not be positive.

Method

How you will do a presentation. Will it be Offline or Online? These days most of the

presentation is done online. These presentations are recorded also and kept on YouTube

for viewers.

Tips for an effective presentation

Dress Professionally

If you are going to give a presentation, and then you have to look like a professional.

Your clothes should reflect it. Appearance speaks louder than voice. So your appearance

matters too much here. If you want to attract an audience you have to look at a

The presenter is different from others. The dress also boosts confidence so you will seek

their attention.

Show your Passion for that Presentation

The first thing is that be relaxed and try to connect with the audience. You show that you

have a passion for that subject. Your confidence is reflected through your body language.

Don't be nervous and keep calm. Let the audience know how this presentation is going to

benefit you. They should realize the importance of that presentation. Show

enthusiasm while giving a presentation.

Focus on Audience Requirements

When you are going to do a presentation, try to understand the audience's needs and what

they want to know. While doing a presentation stick to your topic. Don't deviate from the

main topic. Check what response you are getting and according to it, you do the

presentation.

If they are clapping and cheering then you should understand that they are happy the

way you are presenting. Keep the momentum in that direction. You see whether the

audience is following you are not. Make it simple for them to understand. Make the

session interactive and see, how the audience responds.

Focus on the Main Topic of the Presentation

You have to be well prepared and so concentrate on your main topic. Initially, you have to

explain why you chose this topic and why it is important for them. The audience has to

know the scope and benefits of participating in that presentation. Some presenters

advertise before the due date of the presentation with some key points. What you are going

to gain and lose if not participate. So at the time of presentation, you repeat that thing

and then focus on your main topic.

Body Language

It is very much necessary as everyone notices you. Every action is being watched. You

have to keep smiling and make eye contact with your audience. These things are

necessary to make a good rapport with the audience. They get connected to you and so

your presentation. It helps you keep calm. It is not so easy to give a presentation in

front of unknown people, but when you talk with people, you will gradually feel relaxed.

Body Language sends signals to your audience about your mental attitude. So you have

to be alert so that the right message is sent through your body language. You should

avoid crossed arms, hands in your pockets, and holding your hands behind.

Studies on body language state that 50% of communication is non-verbal. While

Presentation, how you stand, your facial expressions, and the way you use your hands and

eye contact, matter a lot. Non-verbal communication is the one that reflects real

views rather than words.

So think about your body language. How you want to be seen while doing the

presentation. What message do you want to send to your audience? These things matter a lot

so you need rehearsal and practice before actually going for a presentation.

Be Confident

The beginning is very important. This is the time to make or break. If you keep yourself

under control everything will gradually be fine and your performance will be appreciated.

So the first thing is to go on stage and wish every dignitary and participant. Have a light

conversation with them. Then these things will give positive signals to your mind. The

confidence will reflect during your presentation.

Importance of 10-20-30- Rules for Presentation

This is a great tip from Mr. Guy Kawasaki of Apple Company. He suggests the presenters

regarding slideshows.

It should contain no more than 10 MS PPT Slides.

The Presentation should last no more than 20 minutes

You should use a font size of no less than 30 point

The First Slides should be about you, your contact, and topic details. Then the

Introduction, Definition, and other things about the topic are followed. The last slide

should be saying thanks to the audience for listening to you.

There should not be too much information in a single slide. The points should be there

with bullets. The presenter is going to describe it so each slide should be

explained maximum of two minutes. Then only going to finish in twenty minutes. As far

as my experiences say you will get 10 to 15 minutes for a presentation there is less

time as the number of participants increases.

Tell Stories in place of Examples

As you know human beings respond to our stories. During the presentation, you have to

explain something. For example, when I was presenting the Use of WhatsApp in Libraries,

I told how I had made a WhatsApp group of my library and how my college colleagues responded.

I also told how my other friend librarians made the group and how they are using it. So the

main thing I wanted to tell you is that you have to talk about some interesting things

related to that presentation topic. This will help you get the audience's attention.

These interactions will keep them engaged and thus they will not feel a dull presentation.

Role of Your Voice

The Role of your voice has a great impact on your presentation. The first thing is that

whatever you are saying should be clear. The Clarity of your voice is very important.

The second thing is the speed should not be very fast. Some people talk very fast. So

listeners will not be able to follow it.

so speak slowly with clarity. The third thing is that some people's volume is very low and some

have a high pitch. So both have to control their volume so that the audience can follow them.

The fourth thing is that you should pause in between presentations before important points.

This will give you attention.

Fifth Thing is that you should choose the words which you can pronounce easily. Some

people for getting a good impression use those words that they can't pronounce easily

and get stuck to those words. The sixth important tip is always to use a shorter sentence,

as it is easy to understand and you can explain also it in different words.

So your voice reflects your hesitation and confidence level. The Body Language gets

changed according to your voice. I will say your voice says lots of things about your

personality.

Be Calm and Relax

This is the mantra that everybody follows it. The first thing is that you have to sleep early

before the day of the presentation. This sleep is very important in keeping your body and

mind in a relaxed position. If you have to give a presentation outstation then make

planning so that you reach one day before your presentation. You go and see the

arrangements and get familiar with it.

If you are not healthy then the nervousness can be heightened. Avoid any stimulants (

Alcohol, Coffee, Tea) before presentations. Some things will make you drowsy and some

will keep you awake the whole night. So get proper sleep and be in a good state of mental

health. Do some exercise which will help you in releasing stress.

Be Relaxed. Do Meditation and practice deep breathing. Do Rehearsal for your

presentation in front of your family or friends. If nobody is there then do it in front of the

mirror.

Things to do when you are Nervous

If you feel nervous before the presentation, then do the following things mentioned below.

Practice Deep Breathing - If you take deep breathing, your brain will get oxygen and you

will feel relaxed. So the irregular voice gets better.

Drink Water-Adrenalin, a hormone released when you are nervous, makes your mouth

dry. So drink a glass of water before the presentation and in the midst of the presentation

.

Chewing Gum- This Chewing gum also helps you to be relaxed before the presentation.

But don't chew in between presentations.

Dealing with Question Answer Session

Some Presenters dread to take the question as they have an excuse that they have to

attend another program. But most of them take questions happily and few have limited

question options. But you don't avoid questions. You try your best to explain. Keep

yourself in place of the audience and think that you have sent a question in the chatbox

or raised your hand, and your question is not taken, you will feel neglected.

So you have to master the skills of answering questions. Never be rude to the audience

and show that you got upset due to that question. Never lose your temper or argument with

the audience. These things will create a negative image.

Listen carefully and answer it. Try to repeat the question so that everybody will hear that

question and then answer it. You have to take lots of questions so answer briefly. Some

presenters take a lot of time to explain one question and then leave another question

due to a shortage of time.

Don't pretend that you know everything. If any question is asked and by the way you

don't know, then just refer any other expert who is in that panel of experts or say that

you email me, I will let you know after the presentation.

Don't try to give the wrong answer as it will tarnish your image. Nobody knows how

much-qualified people are sitting in the audience.

Get Feedback

After the presentation, the Feedback Form is sent through registered emails or in between

the presentation in the chatbox. So whatever the audience has written you should not

take it negatively rather think that you have the opportunity to improve yourself.

If the feedback is very impressive give yourself a treat and enjoy it. This will boost your

confidence. This treat will make you special and think that this is a reward as your

achievement is recognized by the audience.

Conclusion

So I have tried to explain How to give an effective presentation. You will get to know the

techniques and tips useful while preparing the presentation. It is part of Professional life.

One should take part in programs and give a presentation, as it will help you in your

professional career.

How to write an Article

Anybody can compose an article and use it to advance their site but they think twice

about how to write an article and from where to start. The dissemination of articles

through free article indexes is perhaps the most ideal approach to advance your site.

Regardless of whether you have never thought of one, there is something like one sort of

article that nearly anybody can compose.

Basically, an article is a piece of information, which you understand is important and then

you share it on many social media platforms or through your blog. That article becomes

viral sometimes as it may be powerful content and gets distributed in quick time.

After reading this article you will not feel any problem and will not ask anybody how to

write an article? Pick a point that applies to your site and track down a decent

watchword for it. This is the expression that individuals will utilize when they utilize a web

crawler to discover your article. On the off chance that you don't know how to do

catchphrase research, simply ask yourself what words you would use to look for an article

on this point.

Firstly Add a suitable title, then as you know the introduction of that topic, then the body,

and last is the conclusion. This method has been applied for a long time. But things have changed. It

should appeal to its readers. New things are being incorporated into the style of writing.

Define the Topic and for that, you have to do research. You evaluate how this article will

be valuable to your target audience. Put pictures and videos to make it more presentable.

The snippet should be attractive as it is shown to readers after retrieving the Google

search.

Before How to write an article, Think about a part of your theme that can be made into a

rundown. You will compose an article that has the "Best Ten Ways" to accomplish

something, or "Six Simple Techniques For" something, or "Five Questions To Ask"

Whoever. Different prospects incorporate "Six Great Ideas For...." "Top Ten Tips for...." "Ten

Secrets About..." "Three Steps To...., etc. Presently follow the straightforward layout

beneath. Assume the article is on ways that you can get free traffic for a site, and the

catchphrase is "free site traffic."

How to write an article in easy steps.

1. Compose a title for the article, utilizing the watchword it, so searchers can discover your

article all the more effectively: "Six Ways To Get Free Website Traffic." This is how to write

an article.

2. Compose a depiction of a couple of sentences, mentioning to the peruser what they will

get from perusing your article: "What number of ways do you use to get free traffic for

your site?

3. "Sell" the article in the main section, utilizing the catchphrase once more: "Free site

traffic is a couple of snaps away on the off chance that you realize where to look...

4. Make a numbered list, and clarify every section in two or three sentences: "1. Compose

articles. This is maybe the most ideal approach to get free site traffic. Present your

articles to article catalogs, and perusers find their way to your site via the connection

toward the finish of your article. 2. Trade joins with high traffic sites..."

5. End the article with a short section, utilizing the catchphrases once again: "You can see

that a portion of these approaches to get free site traffic are simpler than others,

however, why not attempt every one of them. The genuine inquiry is which will turn out

best for your site..." The article should have some purpose. Whatever the subject it may

be. But there should be some intention behind it.

In which way it can help it. For example, I wrote How to write an article. The purpose is

clear. It will guide the readers and they will start writing after inspiring by this article. So

lots of articles on the internet are there, but still, people are writing. everybody has some

different styles of writing. Some feel easy to understand and then they follow that website

or blog.

6. Make a short "About The Author" or creator's asset box. Have only one connection to

your site in it. Talk less about yourself than regarding why the peruser should visit your

site. Allure and bother: "For additional approaches to get free site traffic, visit..." This is

conceivably the main piece of how to compose an article for site advancement.

Write about yourself at the end of that article, if you are writing a guest post. If you have

your own blog then readers can go to the About section and there you can give details of

yourself.

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Programming Languages of Computer

 

Programming Languages: Types and  Characteristics

A computer is a machine and it understands its machine language. If you want to make computer function, then you have to create a programme so that it can understand and perform. It can’t perform a single task without any command. It cannot provide any solution for any problem without the instruction. These instructions are called programme. These programme help computer in solving our problems. So the main thing is programme here, which is also called set of instructions, these instructions are in machine language which computer understands and then performs.

Take example of dictionary. If you are creating a software titled Dictionary. Then you have to programme in that way that when you search a word for its meaning, the meaning is retrieved. So it solves our query. So these applications are programmed in such a way that our works get easier. Another example is calculator. When you are doing shopping and you brings out mobile and search calculator app. Here you add all the billing together and gets results within seconds. So this remarkable things is done because of its programming.

So now you must have understood the meaning of Programming. The writing of program is also called programming. Computer does not understand natural language like English, Hindi, Bengali, etc. To communicate with computer we have to provide instructions or commands which it understands. Learning a computer language means you have to know about symbols, words and rules of the language. Every language is developed for specific application. There are lots of languages meant for programming.

You can categorise programming in two types:

1.      System Programme

2.      Application Programme       

Now I will describe it for better understanding.

1.      System Programme : You can’t even on your computer without system programme. It’s of no use. So you can understand its importance. For example, when there is operation system installed then only your computer starts. The Operating system is itself a system programme. It is programmed in such a way that the computer starts functioning. This operating system controls input, output devices, memory, processor, etc. So the programming is done so that all these hardware can function according to requirement. For Example there is C language. It is used especially to develop system software.

2.      Application Programme: These programmes are done according to the requirement. You are working somewhere and you need specific software to deal that particular work. Now you talk to developer and make him understand your requirement. They will make a application by programming in such a way that you can now do work as u thought. For Example I am a librarian; I work in Library and want software to automate library services. They will do programming and make software, where you can retrieve any information.

Now I will discuss Types of Programming:

One thing you can get in mind why we do different types of programming. See we create lots of applications these days. Every application needs different types of language for programming. As you know some applications are for calculating, retrieval, database, engineering, drawing, report generation, designing web page, graphics, etc.  So every application requires different programming.

1.      Procedural Language: Programming is written in such a way that statements are written in sequence so that you can manipulate data item and change the contents of memory cells. This is called Procedural Language. The basic operation of these languages is used for storing and retrieving data values.

                           i.          FORTRAN – The FORTRAN word is derived from Formula Translation. You must have got its meaning as the name suggests that the FORTRAN language is about Formula. It is used in making the application for engineering where formulas are used. Its first version was used in 1957. FORTRAN is also called as first high level language. FORTRAN is suitable for programmings that are based on mathematical or computational oriented.

                          ii.          COBOL – It is derived from Common Business Oriented Language. It was programmed in such a way to serve the Business requirements. For example, to manage inventories and payrolls. So here the programming is done to generate reports related to business profession. The Master files are programmed in such a way that it gets updated from time to time automatically. The master files have all the important records related to business like the items details and their manufacturers. How much quantity is left and required. So COBOL is used to make this sort of application which gives output results quickly.

                         iii.          PASCAL - This programming language PASCAL is named after Blaise Pascal, who invented Pascaline calculator. This language main motive was design and implement good programming techniques. It’s easy to read and learn syntax. Delphi uses this programming language to develop windows based applications like graphical user interface. PASCAL is not much used as commercial language.

                         iv.          C – It was developed in early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Laboratories. It was developed for doing system programming. UNIX was the operating system which was written in C. It is very popular programming language.Firstly because of relationship with UNIX and other reason is its speed. The speed is very good to develop and execute any application. The important feature of C is that it provides data type called pointer. These pointers are used in the areas of writing system programming, operating systems, assemblers and it helps to communicate with input and output devices. It is widely used for general programming also.

2.      Object Oriented Programming – This language was started by Alan Kay’s work at Xerox Palo Alto Research centre in early 1970s. The main concept of this language is to divide the major task into sub task. For example we have library system. It has modules like Acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, etc. Each object is an example of a task performed in library system.

   JAVA – This programming language is used to develop World Wide Web. Java programme is done in such a way that it can fetch data across the web easily just like data accessing from a local system.JAVA has the following features like it is object oriented, simple, distributed, interpreted, secure, robust, high performance, and dynamic language. By using JAVA you can do multithreading. It means that it can perform multiple tasks at the same time.

3. Special Purpose Languages – Now we will discuss the special purpose languages designed for special application or task. It is in contrast to procedural language which is general purpose language. These special purpose languages are very popular because of their application.

i.                 Structured Query Language – As you know that SQL is designed for the purpose of creating database. The database is the collections of related information and very necessary for a organization. The database is updated time to time as new information is being stored and users retrieve that information when required. The information is stored in central servers and can be accessed by different clients on network. For example, A library database have all the details about a book. Its author name, title, publisher, year of publication, etc. The queries are done to retrieve the information. So such queries are framed with the help of SQL. If I need a book of KHURMI, author of a book. The query will bring results of all the books written by KHURMI.

ii.                Practical Extraction and Report Language (PERL) – It is designed to scan arbitrary text files; extract various kinds of information within the text files. Perl uses advanced pattern matching techniques to speed up the scanning process of large amounts of data.

iii.               Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). The language used to create HTML documents is seen with the help of web browser. These are called web pages. There are special characters used in HTML known as tags, which are used for formatting. These are called as source code which is modified to bring the desired results like special effects. These tags are closed in brackets and come in pair (<>).

 

Characteristics of a Good Programming Language

There are many programming Languages which were developed. Some are very popular and some are not so popular, even they are powerful. There might be many other reasons for the popularity of that programming language but one may be the characteristics of it. Some of the characteristics of programming language are:

                           i.          Simplicity – A good programming language must be simple and easy to use. It should provide with a clear and unified set of concepts which could be easily learned. It should be easy to develop and implement. The language written in simple language is easy to maintain.

                          ii.          Naturalness – A good language application design should look natural. It should provide reasonable operators, data structures and control structures in order to facilitate the users to code easily and efficiently.

                         iii.          Efficiency – The program in good language are translated efficiently in machine code. They are executed properly. It uses little space also.

                         iv.          Structuredness – The language should allow the users to write their programs based on the concept of structured programming. It helps during programming .as such that the problems are looked logically and less error are created during writing a programme.

                          v.          Locality – A good programming language stops a programmer to jump around visually as the text is prepared. This helps him concentrate on programming.

                         vi.          Extensibility – A good programming language should allow the extension mechanism. Some language are weak in this aspect.

                       vii.          Abstraction – It means that while programming, complicated structures can be ignored.

 

 

 

 

 

How to face interview for the First Time ?

After completion or in the midst of completing course you have to apply for the job. The main motive after studies is that you have to do something to earn your bread. Some one who are born with golden spoon .They don't have to struggle for job. Their parents have already a settled business. He just have to join and nothing much to do. Their parents are there to take decision for the company and in this while he learns  how to handle the tricky issues. But those children whose father is doing service, have to study and find a suitable job to settle down in life. You have to keep in mind that only your knowledge will let you a good job. After completing your qualifying examination you have to make a good resume.

Read this article for writing a good Resume.

Interview Session in Progress

When you receives a letter of interview , you get nervous that how you will face interview. Keep in mind that this is a great opportunity and you are not going to miss it. Now I am going to mention below the  tips :

1. Check the Website : You have to check the website of the company or organisation. Look about the details how its function. Who are associated with that  company. Lots of fake companies are putting advertisements. Now check what services do it provides to their clients. Which companies are their clients ? If you got a letter for the post of Librarian? Check which library software they are using ? Which software for institutional repository they are using ? You will get idea about the library and its services. You will now train yourself for that interview. Get information about that software.How it works ? So learn better about those things which you think valuable for that interview. 
2. Prepare your Dress for interview : Make ready a pair of dress for your interview. You should look like a professional. You can't go in a jeans or party shirt. That will make a negative impression because of your dress. Dress makes or breaks  impression. It will give a message of non seriousness attitude to the hiring manager. It should have a formal uniform. Wear a simple dress like a plain white or light blue shirt with dark blue or black trousers. Wear a tie that will look like a professional. Wear a black belt and black leather well polished shoes. The girls should also wear white shirt and dark skirt for western outfit. In Indian scenario you wear simple salwar kameez or sari. Simple dress is more dressed in corporate and service sector.So it is necessary that you take proper care of your dress.
3.  Photocopy all your Certificates - Sometimes it is walk in interview and so you have not sent any documents before. You photocopy all documents and then keep in a file. The sequence should be like the qualifying documents should be on top. If you are not keeping it in order than you are going to face trouble of searching. At times if you are in hurry you don't find right document at right time. Resume copy is very necessary .Make a habit of taking two copies of each document. Keep in file Original as well as photocopies separately. Keep a set of two or three passport size photos. You should carry stapler along with its pin and fevicol for pasting photograph. You will  be provided a form at the place of interview to fill your details and staple your documents. Photo have to be pasted there.
4. Visit the Venue one day before- If you are outsider, I mean from other city, then visit the interview venue one day before. From this you will get idea , about how much time it will take to reach that place. Which will be good for you , a car or bus to reach that place. You will the prepare yourself by calculating that time. You will not be late in reaching that place. Even you can miss interview for coming late.
5. Inform at the Reception Desk about your visit - Whenever you reach the interview spot , you inform at the reception that you have come for interview. They will give you form or inform the hiring manager. Sometimes people go and sit there without informing. Sometimes happen that you have not put your details at the venue's register. The formalities have to be done.
6. Body Language - Your body language is an important factor in deciding that you are fit for that job. If you are nervous , then whole preparation goes in vain. you have sweat on your forehead and palms. The hiring manager are experienced , they notice how you enters into the room. Your gesture are enough to tell you are confident or nervous. How you wish them ? How you sit at the chair? Do you took permission to sit on the chair ? Eye Contact is important factor. If one experts ask some question , you have to answer seeing all the experts. Don't neglect other experts of the panellist. If you are having eye contact with each and every experts this will have positive affects. It shows you are confident and well mannered.You can handle stressful moments at the work place. 
7. How Questions are to  be  Answered- When questions are put, give relevant answers. Don't make story. The experts know who are making stories. What ever you have mentioned in Resume, you should know it. On trick you can do is that when you are explaining any topic like how library software works in libraries, at that you can name a company that handles these works and stop it. Then the expert will ask about that company and which software you were talking. what are the features and cost. In which way it is going to help in proving library services ? So you can turn your interview in your court. You should know the latest trends of that field. If you don't know any question just ask them excuse for that move on. Don't give wrong answer and try to convince experts. Brush your basic concepts and that will give good results. Be polite with the panellist. Have a smile on your face while answering questions.
8. Never talk about previous company's conflict - You don't talk about the misadventures of your previous employer. This will give bad impression about you. They will think you are the person who creates conflict. So don't talk about any negative issues. Give some good reasons why you are leaving that company and intend to join this company.